Living Anatomy
1.
Frontal sinus
1st point-
On the nasion
2nd point-
2.5 cm above the 1st point.
3rd point-
At the junction of the medial 1/3 and the lateral 2/3 of the supra- orbital
margin.
Join the points.
Related information:
Drainage areas: middle meatus of
nasal cavity
Lining epithelium: pseodustratified
ciliated columnar epithelium
Functions of sinus: resonance of
voice, lightening the wt of bone
What is the name of sinus
containing bones: pneumatic bone
2.
Parotid duct
1st point: just in front and below the tragus
2nd point : between the ala of nose and the sharp margin of the
upper lip
Join the 1st
and 2nd point. The middle third of this line is parotid duct
Related questions:What
type of gland it is? Ans: exocrine gland (because it has
a duct)
According to the nature of
secretion: it is pure serous in nature
Parts of this gland: Parenchyma
(glandular portion )and stroma (connective tissue)
Histology: Serous
acini are present. (Serous acini are darkly stain and cells of acini contain
round nuclei)
Duct is present
Development of glands: Parenchyma:
endodermal in origin. Stroma: mesodermal in origin
Opening of parotid
duct: at the vestibule of mouth
opposite the crown of 2nd molar teeth
3.
Isthmus
of thyroid gland
1st point: 1.25 cm below the cricoid cartilage
2nd point: 1.25cm below
the 1st point
Draw two 1.25 cm long horizontal
lines along the 1st and 2nd point.
It helps counting the number of
ribs because the 2nd costal cartilages articulate at this level
It separates the superior
mediastinum to inferior mediastinum
It is correspond with lower border
of T4 vertebra
2.
Rt
border of heart
1st
point: On the
upper border of the right 3rd
costal cartilage about 2.5 cm from the median plane.
2nd
point: on the right
6th costal cartilage about 2.5 cm from the median plane
Join these two points
by a convex line towards the right.
SN: (The maximum convexity of which
lies at a distance of 3.25am from the median plane in the 4th
intercostal space.)
Related questions:
How
it is formed? Ans:
it is formed by right atrium
3.
left
border of heart
1)
1st Point
– On the lower border of the left 2nd costal cartilage about
2.5 cm from the median plane.
2) 2nd point- At the apex beat left
5th intercostal space just medial to mid-clavicular line
Join these two points by line with
convexity directed upwards and to the left.
Related questions:
How
it is formed? Ans: it is formed by left ventricle of
the heart
4.
Lower border of the Heart
1st
point: on the right
6th costal cartilage about 2.5 cm from the median plane
2nd point-At the apex beat left
5th intercostal space just medial to mid-clavicular line
Apex
of the Heart
It is situated
in the left 5th intercostal space just medial to midclavicular line.
Related
questions: How
it is formed?
Ans: It is
formed by only left ventricle of the heart.
Apex
of the Lung
1st
point – rt/lt
sternoclavicular joint
2nd point
–at the junction of medial 1/3 and lateral 2/3 of clavicle
Join these two points & the summit
of the curve being situated in the neck about 2.5cm above the
medial third of clavicle.
by which structure apex of the lung is covered?
Ans: The apex of the lung is covered by cervical
pleura (part of parietal pleura) and supra-pleural membrane
What is suprapleural
membrane?
Ans: it is formed by
endothoracic fascia
Attachment : internal
border of 1st rib and transverse process of C7
Arch
of the Aorta
1)
1st point –On the right end of the sternal angle.
2)
2nd point –On the centre of the manubrium sterni
3)3rd
point- sternal end of left 2nd costal
cartilage
Join
the points by a curved line which represents the outer border of the arch of
aorta; then the inner border is
drawn below &
paralled to it about 2.5 cm apart
.
Importance
points : It is the continuation of ascending aorta and
It is continued as descending thoracic aorta
Related
questions : What are the branches of arch of
aorta?
- brachiocephalic artery/ trunk
: right common carotid and right subclavian artery
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
What
is the type of these arteries? Ans :
elastic artery.
Why
they known as elastic artery? They contain large numbers of elastic lamina
within the tunica media.
7.
Trans- pyloric plane
It is indicated by a transverse line drawn
midway between the jugular notch and the top of the symphysis pubis (or roughly
in between the xiphisternal junction and the umbilicus.)
The following important structures are
situated opposite this plan:-
1)
Pyloric
part of the stomach.
2)
Fundus
of the gall-bladder.
3)
Hilum
of the kidneys.
4)
Tip
of the 9th costal cartilage.
5)
Origin
of the superior mesenteric artery.
6)
Lower
border of the body of the 1st lumbar vertebra or upper border of its
spine.
7)
Lower
end of the spinal cord and beginning of the filum terminale.
Trans-tubercular plane: It is
indicated by a transverse line of the trunk
at the level of the tubercle of the iliac crest. It cuts the upper border of
the body and spine of the 5th lumbar vertebra.
Fundus of gall bladder : it is marked at
anterior abdominal wall at tip of the 9th costal cartilage (depression in
anterior abdominal wall / where transpyloric plane crosses the right costal
margin)
9.
Liver
Upper border is marked by
joining the following points.
1st point: in left 5th intercostal space just medial to
midclavicular line .
2nd point: at xiphisternal joint.
3rd point: at
upper border of right 5th costal cartilage in right mid-clavicular line
Lower border:
4th point at tip of the right 9th costal cartilage .
5th
point : 1st point of upper border (left 5th intercostal space just
medial to midclavicular line )
Right lateral
border: join 3rd point to 4th point
Situation
of liver:
1. Right
hypochondrium
2. Epigastric
region
3. Left
hypochondrium
4. Right
lumbar region
10.
McBurney’s point
: at 1st draw a line from the right anterior superior iliac
spine to umbilicus
Then draw a
point at the junction of lateral 1/3 & medial
2/3 of line, and this is the McBurney’s point.
1 Arteria dorsalis pedis
Arteria dorsalis pedis :
1st point: in front of the ankle joint midway between medial and lateral malleolus
2nd point: at the proximal end of the 1st intermetatarsal space
Join the points by a
straight line
Related information: It is the
continuation of anterior tibial artery
1)
1st
point- at the junction of anterior 1/3 and posterior 2/3 of the lateral wall of
the axilla
2)
2nd
point- 2.5 below and medial to the tendon of the biceps brachii.
Join the points by a straight line.
Related information: brachial artery is the continuation of
axillary artery.
Branches of brachial artery:
- Profunda Brachii.
- Superior Ulnar Collateral.
- Inferior Ulnar Collateral
- Nutrient
- Muscular
- Terminal
branches: Radial and ulnar artery
2.
Radial artery
1st
point-
2.5 below and medial to the tendon of the biceps brachii .
2nd
point-
In front of the wrist between the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis medially
and the lower part of the anterior border of the radius laterally.(Here,
practically feel the pulsation of the artery and put the point over it).
Join the points by a line with slight
outwards convexity at the upper part.
Related informations: Branches radial artery : In the
Forearm:
- Radial Recurrent artery,
- Muscular artery
- Superficial Volar artery
At the Wrist: Dorsal Carpal artery
In the hand:
- Princeps Pollicis.
- Volaris Indicis Radialis.
3.
Median cubital
vein
1st
point : 2.25 cm above from the medial epicondyle
2nd
point : 2.25 cm below from the lateral epicondyle
Join these
points by an oblique line
Why median cubital vein choose for intravenous
injection?
Ans : it is
superficial and fixed on underlying fascia.
Related informations:
Name of the
superficial vein of upper limb: cephalic vein, basilic vein, median cubital
vein
Name of the deep
vein of upper limb: axillary, brachial, ulna and radial vein
