Lecture note on costal cartilage

Costal cartilages

 Definition :

They are unossified anterior parts of embryonic cartilaginous ribs

These are flattened bars of hyaline cartilages extending from the anterior ends of rib

The location of the primary ossification center is near the posterior angle , this ossification extends toward the anterior end so anterior part of ribs remain cartilaginous at birth

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Differences features of costal cartilages from 1-12:

The first seven costal cartilage pairs are connected with the sternum;

The next three cartilages are each articulated with the lower border of the cartilage of the preceding rib;

The last two cartilage posses free pointed tips in the muscular wall of the abdomen.

Length of cartilages : .

They increase in length from the first to the seventh, then gradually decrease to the twelfth.

Breadth of the costal cartilage:

Their breadth, as well as that of the intervals between them, diminishes from the first to the last. They are broad at their attachments to the ribs, and taper toward their sternal extremities, excepting the first two, which are of the same breadth throughout, and the sixth, seventh, and eighth, which are enlarged where their margins are in contact.

Direction of costal cartilage :

They also vary in direction: the first descends a little to the sternum, the second is horizontal, the third ascends slightly, while the others are angular, following the course of the ribs for a short distance, and then ascending to the sternum or preceding cartilage.

Gross features of costal cartilage :

Each costal cartilage presents two surfaces, two borders, and two extremities.

Surfaces

The anterior surface is convex, and looks forward and upward: that of the first gives attachment to the costoclavicular ligament and the subclavius muscle; those of the first six or seven at their sternal ends, to the pectoralis major. The others are covered by, and give partial attachment to, some of the flat muscles of the abdomen.

The posterior surface is concave, and directed backward and downward; that of the first gives attachment to the Each costal cartilage presents two surfaces, two borders, and two extremities.

Surfaces

The anterior surface is convex, and looks forward and upward: that of the first gives attachment to the costoclavicular ligament and the subclavius muscle; those of the first six or seven at their sternal ends, to the pectoralis major. The others are covered by, and give partial attachment to, some of the flat muscles of the abdomen.

The posterior surface is concave, and directed backward and downward; that of the first gives attachment to the sternothyroideus, those of the third to the sixth inclusive to the transversus thoracis muscle, and the six or seven inferior ones to the transversus abdominis muscle and the diaphragm.

Borders

Of the two borders the superior is concave, the inferior convex; they afford attachment to the intercostales interni  the upper border of the sixth gives attachment also to the pectoralis major

The inferior borders of the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth cartilages present heel-like projections at the points of greatest convexity. These projections carry smooth oblong facets which articulate with facets on slight projections from the upper borders of the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth cartilages, respectively.

Extremities

The lateral end of each cartilage is continuous with the osseous tissue of the rib to which it belongs.

The medial end of the first is continuous with the sternum; the medial ends of the six succeeding ones are rounded and are received into shallow concavities on the lateral margins of the sternum.

The medial ends of the eighth, ninth, and tenth costal cartilages are pointed, and are connected each with the cartilage immediately above.

Those of the eleventh and twelfth are pointed and free.

In old age the costal cartilages are prone to undergo superficial ossification

, those of the third to the sixth inclusive to the transversus thoracis muscle, and the six or seven inferior ones to the transversus abdominis muscle and the diaphragm.

Borders

Of the two borders the superior is concave, the inferior convex; they afford attachment to the intercostales interni: the upper border of the sixth gives attachment also to the pectoralis major.

The inferior borders of the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth cartilages present heel-like projections at the points of greatest convexity. These projections carry smooth oblong facets which articulate with facets on slight projections from the upper borders of the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth cartilages, respectively.

Extremities

The lateral end of each cartilage is continuous with the osseous tissue of the rib to which it belongs.

The medial end of the first is continuous with the sternum; the medial ends of the six succeeding ones are rounded and are received into shallow concavities on the lateral margins of the sternum.

The medial ends of the eighth, ninth, and tenth costal cartilages are pointed, and are connected each with the cartilage immediately above.

Those of the eleventh and twelfth are pointed and free.

In old age the costal cartilages are prone to undergo superficial ossification

Functions:

They impart elasticity and mobility of the thorax which prevent many crushing injuries from fracturing the ribs and sternum

Important 1st professional SAQ MBBS examination questions bd : both paper 1 and 2

Important 1st professional SAQ MBBS examination  questions bd:  both paper 1 and 2

Cell biology

Cell, cell division and genetics:

1. Draw and label fluid- mosaic model of cell membrane.
2. write down the electron microscopic structures of the cell membrane and functions of cell membrane
3. Give the structures and functions of mitochodria.
4. name the non membranous organelles
5. Define organelles. Classify organelles .Draw and label and mention one function of each.
6. What do you mean by cytoskeleton of cell? Mention the function of it.
7. give the difference between mitosis and meiosis
8. What is membrane trafficking? 
9. discuss the mitosis
10. discuss the prophase of 1^st meiotic division
11. what are the purpose of meiosis
12. write the meiotic division in female sex cell
13. difference between 1^st meiotic division in male and 1^st meiotic division in female
14. name the organelles concerned with the protein synthesis
15. SN – non-disjunction –anaphase lag –Barr body – chromosome
16. Define chromosome. Write about morphological abnormalities of chromosomes.
17. Draw and label different parts of chromosome. Write about the numerical abnormalities of chromosome.
18. Define cell cycle. Discuss the different phase of cell cycle. what do you mean by G₀
19. What do you mean by cytoskeleton of cell? Write structure and function of it.
20. Enumerate the Mendel’s laws of inheritance.

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General histology

Epithelial tissue

1.      Define tissue. classify the epithelia with example

2.      Classify covering epithelium with example.

3.      write characteristic of epithelia.

4.      writes notes on simple epithelia

5.      draw and label –pseudostratifies ciliated columnar epithelium, transitional epithelium and keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

6.      difference between epithelium and connective tissue

7.      Classify glands according to the cellular arrangement with examples.

8.      Define exocrine gland. Give the structures of an exocrine glands

9.      What do you mean by stroma and parenchyma of a gland? Classify exocrine gland according to the mode of secretion?

10.  Classify gland. write structure of an exocrine gland

11.  Classify gland according to cellular arrangements with examples.

12.  Write about the surface modification of the epithelia.

13.  mention the characteristic features of transitional epithelium

14.  write about surface modification of epithelium

Connective tissue

1. Classify connective tissue with the example.
2. give the composition and functions of connective tissue
3. Define cartilage. Give light microscopy features of a hyaline cartilage. Mention its distribution.
4. Write short notes on: osteoblast
5. Write about the structure and functions of osteoblast and osteoclast
6. write a note on haversian system
7. Draw and label haversian system of bone
8. Name the loose connective tissue cells and mention one function of each.
9. Name the loose connective tissue cells and mention one function of each.
10. Name the connective tissue cells with functions of each. Name the loose connective tissue cells.
11. draw and label different types of cartilage and mention their distribution
12. Write the difference between connective tissue fibers in tabulated form.
13. What are the different types of cartilages? give their differences on a tabulated form

Muscular tissue

1. Give the morphological classification of skeletal muscle.
2. Classify muscle histologically. Give their differences in a tabulated from.
3. Name the different types of muscle. Draw and label skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. mention the identifying points under light microscope
4. discuss the difference and similarities of cardiac and skeletal muscle
5. Define sarcomere. Draw and electron microscopic structures of a sarcomere.
6. Draw and label the different parts of skeletal muscle. Mention differences between them
7. SN- intercalated disc
8. What are the parts of skeletal muscle? Make differences between them.

Nervous system:

1. Write composition of nervous tissue.
2. What is neuroglia? Mention the name and functions of neuroglia ( in CNS and PNS )
3. Define neuron. Mention its different parts. Classify neuron with one example of each.
4. Define peripheral nerve?
5.  Draw and label Transverse section of a peripheral nerve. Why a peripheral nerves regenerate.
6. What is white and grey matter?
7. Write anatomical and functional division of NS

General anatomy :

Bone:

1. Classification according to morphology (with examples)

                                 -according to location

                                 -according to ossification

1. Composition of the bone: Write the difference between osteoblast and osteoclast.  Mention their functions.
2. Structure of bone
3. Histology of bone: Draw and label a haversian system of bone.
4. function of bone
5. bone marrow: definition, types, location, function

Developing long bone: parts, blood supply, define growing end with clinical important, epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, how developing long bone grow in length and grow in breath

Epiphysis : definition, types, examples of each types

Periosteum: Definition, Draw and label, parts and functions.

Ossification: definition, types, examples, Define ossification growing end of a long bone. Define the primary and secondary ossification center of ossification with exmples.

 the intra-membranous ossification: Draw and label, short description

intra cartilaginous ossification : Mention the name of different zone, draw and label, short description.

Joints:

1. Define and classify joint with examples
2. Define the prime mover and antagonist\
3. Give the characteristics of a typical synovial joint 
4. Give the types of cartilaginous joint. Mention their types, difference and examples
5. Classify synovial joint with examples.

CVS:

1.      Classify circulation with examples.

2.      Give the histological structure of a medium sized artery and elastic artery

3.      what is the difference between medium sized artery and medium sized vein

4.      Define capillary. Mention their types and examples. Mention the functions of capillary.

5.      Define the end artery. Mention their types and examples

6.      What do you mean by portal circulation?

Lymphoid system

List the lymphoid organ (primary and secondary lymphoid organ) . Mention the difference between them.

Give the histological structures of lymph node

What is the difference between lymph node and lymphatic nodules

What is germical center?

General embryology:

1. Define the fertilization. What are the effects of fertilization? Write the different stages of fertilization. Name the barriers crossed by the spermatozoa during fertilization. Mention the result of fertilization.
2. Define the ovulation.
3. Write the sources of the development of placenta and mention the functions of the placenta.
4. give the structures of the chorionic plate presenting on the foetal part of the placenta
5. Give the structures and functions of full term placenta.
6.  Give the layers of placental barriers. Mention in short the developmental stages of the placental villi.
7. SN: trisomy-21
8. Define implantation. Write about the normal and abnormal sites of implantation
9.  What do you mean by ontogeny and phylogeny? “Ontogeny repeats phylogeny” explain it.
10. How neural crest is formed? mention the neural crest derivatives
11. Define the neurulation. How neural tube is formed? write the neural tube defects
12. Define the gastrulation. Mntion the five derivatives of each of primary germ layers. rite the role of primitive streak for the formation of gastrulation .
13. How the intermaxillary segment is formed? Mention its different components and structures derived from each component.
14. difference between acrosomal reaction and zona reaction
15. Mention the fate of 4^th aortic arch . What is vasculogenesis and angiogenesis?
16. Define spermatogenesis .name the stage of spermatogenesis. Name the changes occurring in the germ cell during spermiogenesis.
17. What is teratogenesis? Mention the principles of teratogenesis.
18. Classify teratogens with examples. What do you mean by twinning?
19. what do you mean by i) organizer ii) inductor iii) draw and label a graafian follicle
20. What is growth? Mention its different types with examples. What do you mean by totipotent and pluripotent cell
21. Write the formation, function and fate of the notochord.
22. Draw and label a blastocyst.
23. Give the structures of placental barriers
24. Define capacitation. Mention normal and abnormal sites of implantation. What is placenta praevia?

Abdomen:

Anterior abdominal wall

1. Give the boundaries, location, importance and contents of inguinal canal. Write a short note on epigastric artery. 
2. What is direct and  indirect inguinal hernia
3. How will you divide the abdomen into different region?
4. What is rectus sheath? Mention the arteries of the anterior abdominal wall. Give the formation of the rectus sheath. Mention its content. What is arcuate line?
5. What are the structures passes through inguinal canal in female and male?

 The diaphragm

1. What is diaphragm?
2. Discuss the major opening of diaphragm (vertebral level, structure passing through the opening) .
3. Explain the nerve supply of the diaphragm on the basis of embryology.
4. Discuss the development of the diaphragm ?/ write the developmental sources of the diaphragm

Oesophagus:

1. Give the histological features of oesophagus

Stomach: 

What are the different parts of the stomach?

Discuss the gastric mucosa? What is gastic pit?

Mention the formation of the stomach bed.

Mention the arterial supply of the stomach

Give the nerve supply of the stomach

What is duodenal cap? Give its clinical importance. 

Give the lymphatic drainage of stomach

Small and large intestine :

1. SN: i) Mackel’s diverticulum ii) Mc burney’s point 
2. Describe the second parts of duodenum? Give its clinical importance
3. Give the histological structures and the mode of arterial supply of the vermiform appendix. Give the clinical importance of it.
4. Mention the cardinal features of large gut or necked eye examination.
5. Give macroscopic and microscopic difference of large and small intestine
6. Give the relation of the 1^st part of the duodenum. Explain 270° rotation of the midgut. What is duodenal cap?

Anal canal:

Give the boundary, contents and clinical important of ischio-rectal fossa.

What do you mean by stomodeum and proctodeum? Write about anal canal.

Describe the interior of the anal canal. Mention its blood supply .

What is anal column? Give the development of anal canal.

Write in brief about the anal sphincter. What do you mean by haemorroids?

What do you mean by pectinate line? Give its clinical importance.

Write the histological structure and development of ileum.

Liver:

1. Give the histological features of liver
2. Mention the support of liver. Give the relations of its right lateral surface with clinical importance
3. SN: i) portal vein ii) hepato-renal pouch
4. What is portocaval/portosystemic anastomoses? Mention the different sites of such anastomoses.
5. Write in brief about the hepatic and portal lobules and portal acinus
6. Enumerate the component of intrahepatic and extra-hepatic biliary apparatus
7. What do you mean by anatomical and physiological lobe of liver.

Female reproductive organ:

1. Write the supports and positions of the uterus
2. List the homologus parts of male and female genitalia. Give their development.
3. What is ectopic pregnancy?
4. Give the histological features of the endometrium of the uterus
5. Give the development of the uterus and its congenital anomalies. What is uterus bicornis?
6. Give the histological structures and development of uterine tube.
7. What do you mean by anteflexion and anteversion of uterus? Write a short note on -posterior fornix of vagina – Rectouterine pouch
8. Discuss about the endometrium at the time of implantation.
9. Write the boundaries of ovarian fossa. Give the histological structure of ovary.

Male reproductive organ:

Write about the prostate. Mention the clinical importance of it.

SN: spermatic cord

Draw and label longitudinal section of testes. Give its histological structures of testes. What is cryptorchism? Write the development of the testes.

Draw and label transverse section of seminiferous tubules

Why and how testis descent during fetal life. Mention the ectopic site of the testis.

What do you mean by guberniculum testis. Name the factors responsible for descent of testis.

Name the genital organ of the male? Give the layers and nerve supply of the scrotum. 

Give flow chart tracing the pathway of spermatozoa from its site of production upto site of fertilization with ova.

What are the different parts of penis? Mention blood and nerve supply of  it.

Urinary system:

1. What is nephron? Draw and label different parts of nephron? How the permanent kidneys are developed ?
2. Mention the developmental anomalies of the kidney
3. Give the distribution of renal fascia
4. What is juxta-glomerular apparatuas? Draw and label anterior relation of rt and lf kidney.
5. Give the features of trigone of urinary bladder. Give the development of trigone. What is urachal fistula.
6. SN: horse –shoe kidney

Spleen:

What the histological structures of the spleen

Give a short description of the visceral surface of spleen. What is red-pulp and white-pulp?

Name the different lymphoid organ of the body (primary and secondary)

Give the different theories of splenic circulation with short description.

Pancreas

Give relations of the head of the pancreas.

Why it is compound gland? Give the development of the pancreas? How annular pancreas is formed?

Mention important relation head and neck of the pancreas.

What are the different parts of the pancreas. Give its blood supply.

Others:

1. SN: i) pudendal canal ii) epiploic foramen iii) perineal body 
2. Give the fate of mesonephric duct in both sexes.

Inferior extremity:

SAQ

Special features of lower limb:

Draw and label and Give the boundary and content of femoral triangle.

Draw and label and Give the boundary and content of popliteal fossa

Draw and label and Give the boundary and content of adductor canal.

Draw and label and What is ilio-tibial tract? Give the attachment and functions

Draw and label and How the femoral sheath is formed/ Mention its compartment with relatives content.

Blood supply and lymphatic drainage

Give the distribution of inguinal group of lymph nodes.

Give the venous drainage of lower limb.

Give the origin, formation, course and termination of great saphenous vein. give its clinical important

Write the lymphatic drainage of the lower limb

Nerve:

Draw and label the lumbar plexus.

Define dermatome. Draw and label the dermatome of lower limb.

Muscles:

Name the chief extensor of hip joint. Give its origin insertion nerve supply.

Name the hamstring group of muscle. Mention their common feature.

Name the muscle forming the guyropes. Give their origin & nerve supply.

Define inversion and eversion of the foot. Give origin, insertion and nerve supply of muscles causing these movements. Name the muscles of anterior compartment of thigh. Mention their nerve supply.

Give the origin, insertion and nerve supply of gluteus maximus.

Name the muscles of medial compartment of thigh. Mention their nerve supply.

Give the origin, insertion and nerve supply of gastrocnemus.

Name the muscles of posterior compartment of thigh. Mention their nerve supply.

Give the origin, insertion and nerve supply of paroneus longus.

Name the muscles of anterior compartment of thigh. Mention their nerve supply

Joint:

Explain mechanism of locking and unlocking of knee joint

Name the unlocking muscle of the knee joint .give its origin insertion and nerve

supply.

Name the intracapsular and intraarticular structures of the knee joints

Discuss about meniscus

write the formation, movement and muscles responsible for the movement of the ankle joint

give the attachment of Deltoid ligament of the ankle joint

Bone

Give the formation of transverse and longitudinal arches of the foot. Mention the factor maintaining the arches of foot.

SN: Patella: sesamoid bone

Clinical anatomy:

Explain the development of varicosity of great saphanous vein.

What do you mean by varicose vein?

What is pes-planus?

Clinical importance of  dermatome

Clinical importance of  great saphenous vein

Clinical importance of  inguinal ligament

SN: foot drop

How does the venous blood of lower limb ascend against gravity?

What is hernia?

Thorax  written questions   

Short answer question - SAQ

Thoracic wall:

Give the venous drainage of thoracic wall. Give the branches of internal thoracic artery.

Draw & label a typical intercostal space,

Draw & label the formation & branches of a typical intercostal nerve.  How it differs from a spinal nerve.

Discuss typical intercostals nerve. Give its functional component.

Give the boundary of thoracic inlet. What is supra-pleural membrane,

Heart & pericardium:

1. What is pericardium. Mention its different layer’s & their development.-

 2. Write a short description of interior of right atrium July-06 What is probe patency test?

 3. What are the different parts of the interventricular septum. Give its source of development.

 4. Draw & label arterial supply of heart. Give the origin, course & branches of right and  left coronary artery.

5. What do you mean by end artery?  what do you mean by functional end artery? Give examples and clinical importance.

6. S/N: a) Pericardial sinus  b) Base of the heart  c) Fallot’s tetralogy

7. Give the anatomy of the base of the heart.

    or Give the formation of the base of the heart. Mention its important relations.

8. Mention development of interatrial septum.-3

9. Draw & label junction tissues of the heart. What are the Junctional tissues of the heart?  Mention their location.

10. Define conducting system of the heart. Name its components & arterial supply.

 11. Write down pericardial sinuses with their clinical importance.

12. What is dextrocardia? Give embryology basis of its formation.

13. Write about structure of Trabeculae carnea, septomarginal crest and infundibulum. All Trabeculae carnea & papillary muscle.-

 14. Draw and label venous supply of the heart.

 15. Mention the development of right atrium. -

16. Enumerate the different septal defects of heart

17. Draw & label different parts of primitive heart tube.

Lung & pleura:

1. Define bronchopulmonary segment. 1

    Draw & label bronchopulmonary segment of R/L+lung

2. Write the histological features of lung. -3

3. Give the nerve supply of lung with their effects.

4. Define pleura. Mention its different parts. Give their source of development or write

    about pleura

5. Give the layers of respiratory membrane. Name the cells you will find in the  

    alveoli & give their function.

7.      S/N-  a) pleural recess

           b) Root of the lung.

7. Give relation of apex of right lung.

8. What do you mean by respiratory portion of lungs. Give its components.

9. What is hyaline membrane disease? –

10. Give the visceral relations on the mediastinal surface of left lung.

11. What is pleural recess? Give its formation & clinical importance-

12. Name the different phase of development of the lung

13. Draw & label the different segments of the bronchial tree. Give the lining epithelium of their

      different segments.

14. Which bronchus is more susceptible to lodgments of inhaled foreign bodies? Explain why?

15. What is pleura? Write different parts of parietal pleura & mention their development & nerve

      supply.-

Mediastinum:

1. Define mediastinum. Give the boundary & contents of posterior mediastinum/superior   

    mediastinum

Others:

1. Pump handle & bucket handle movement.

2. Superior vena cava.

Superior Extremity                     
Special features of upper  limb:

1.      Give boundary & content of axilla. with Clinical importance of it.  

2.      Name component of breast.Give lymphatic drainage of female breast with clinical importance.

3.      Draw and label and discuss  axillry group of lymph nodes.

4.      Give the step of dissection of cubital fossa. Give the Boundary & content of cubital fossa

5.      Short note : i) clavi pectoral fascia.ii) anatomical snuff box iii) interosseous membrane

6.      How carpal tunnel is formed? Name the structures passing through it. and above it

Blood supply and lymphatic drainage

1. Draw anastomoses of elbow joint.
2. Give the commencement, termination, branches and clinical importance of axillary, brachial  artery
3. Draw and label superficail and deep palmar arch and how they are formed? 
4. Formation, drainage of cephalic, basilic and median cubital vein with diaphragm?
5. Name deep vein of upper limbs?
6. Special features of median cubital vein with its clinical importance?

Nerve:

1.       What in dermatome? Draw & level dermatome of upper limb. Draw and label dermatome of anterior and posterior aspect of the upper limb

2.            Draw and label brachial plexus. What do you mean by prefixed and post fixed type of Brachial     plexus?

3.            Give root value, branches and distribution of axillary nerve, musculo-cutaneous, median,  ulnar nerve and Radial nerve.

4.            musculo cutaneous nerve pierce a muscle and terminate as a cutaneous nerve – mention the name of muscle and nerve. 

Muscles:

Give the origin, insertion nerve supply and action of the following muscles

                                             i) flexor digitorum superficialis ii) biceps brachii iii) triceps brachii iv) Deltoid v) pronetor teres vi) supinator vii) brachialis viii) brachioradialis ix)  pectoralis major.& minor x) coracobrachialis

Name the muscles present in the flexor compartments of the forearm with their nerve supply. How flexor retinaculum is formed?

Give the origin, insertion and nerve supply of muscles responsible for supination of fore-arm.

Name the muscles of the back of the fore arm. Give their nerve supply and actions. 

Name the muscles of the arm.

Joint and movement:

1.           Define supination & pronation. name muscle producing supination and pronator .

2.           Write articular surfaces, name of important ligament, types of joint, movement and muscles producing the movement of shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint.

3.            Superior, middle and inferior radioulnar joint – types, movement.

4.           ligament – capsular ligament of humerus, annular ligament, extensor and flexor retinaculum

5.            Write the mechanism of abduction of shoulder joint

6.           write a note on rotator cuff   

Clinical anatomy:

1. What is claw hand?

2. Short notes: carpal tunnel syndrome

3. How rotator cuff is formed? Give its importance.

4. Wrist drops

5. Clinical importance of the dermatome.

6. What is the importance of the median cubital vein?

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND EYE BALL

Item no-1: Introduction to the nervous system, cranial cavity and orbit

1. What is central nervous system(CNS)
2. What is peripheral nervous system(PNS)
3. Composition of nervous tissue.
4. Define neuron, Name the different part of neuron. Classify neuron with example.
5. Define neuroglia. Name neuroglial cells of CNS and PNS. Give one example of each type.
6.  What do you mean by i) Gray matter ii) White matter. Give their composition.
7. Define Synapse. Name the different types of synapse(anatomical

  Peripheral nerve:

1.      Mention structural organization of  a peripheral nerve.(what do you mean by nerve fibre, nerve bundle, what is endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium)

2.      What is myelination? What do you mean by Myelinated and Non-Myelinated nerve fibers?

3.      Name the cells responsible for myelination of nerve fibres  in the CNS & PNS.

4.      Mention the number and distribution of spinal nerves. Mention the type of spinal nerve and its branches.

5.      Mention the name and the number of cranial nerves. Which cranial nerves are motor, sensory and mixed

6.      types)

Meninges:

1.      Define meninges. Name their different layers.

2.      what is the different between cranial dura and spinal dura

3.      Give the arrangement of different layers of meningis.

4.      which meninges is bridge  the gyri of brain

5.      which meninges continue through sulci of brain

6.      blood supply and nerve supply of the meninges near the vault and cranial fossa

7.      development of meninges

8.      Branches of maxillary artery

9.      branches of trigeminal nerve

10.  derivatives of neural crest

11.  What is leptomeninges?

12.  Name the different parts of brain.

13.  Name the different parts of i) forebrain ii) midbrain iii) hindbrain.

14.  development  of brain

15.  parts of neural tube

16.  neural tube formation

17.  What do you mean by marginal and mantle layer of neural tube? Which layer is responsible for the formation of grey and white matter?

18.  name different  of brain vesicles

19.  Name the different ventricles of brain and give their location.

20.  What is the lining epithelium of ventricle?

21.  Name the different cranial nerves and mention their types.

22.  Give the boundary and content of the i) anterior cranial fossa ii) middle crania fossa iii) posterior cranial fossa.

23.  Name and identify the foramina of the base of the cranium and name the structures passes through them.

24.  Identify i) vertebral foramina ii) vertebral canal iii) Intervertebral foramina. Name the structures passing through them.

25.  Give the boundary and content of the orbit.

26.  Name the dural venous sinuses and demonstrate their location in the cranial cavity.

27.  Give the formation of Cicles of Willis.

28.  What do you mean by brain stem.

29.  What is limbic system. Name its component.

30.  What is basal ganglia. Name its component.

Item no -2 General examination of the brain with its nerve attachments and meningis.

      1.   Name the different parts of brain.

Name the different parts of i) forebrain ii) midbrain iii) hindbrain.Mention the cavities or canals they contain.

Name the different meninges of the brain. Mention their arrangement.

What do you mean by the following term.i) extradural ii) subdural iii) Subaracnoid spaces. What do they contain.

Name the different parts of duramater.

Give the difference between cranial dura and spinal dura.

Name the cranial dural folds and give their attachments.

Name the structures related to the different cranial dural folds.

What is ligamentum denticulam and fillum terminale. Give the formation and function.

Name the different cranial nerves and mention their types. Give their attachments to the brain.

Give the blood supply and nerve supply of the meniges.

Item no-3. Cerebrum

Give the border, surfaces. And poles of the cerebral hemisphere.

Name the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere and demonstrate their border.

Mention the functional areas of the cerebral cortex and give their broadmans number.

Name the different layers of the cerebral cortex.

What do you mean by i) homotypical and ii) heterotypical cortex.

What is striate cortex? Why it is called so.

Name the fibers of the white matter of the cerebram Give example of each type.

Name the different type of sulcai of the cerebral cortex.

Give the formation of Circles of Willis. Name its major branches.

Give the arterial supply of cerebral hemisphere.

Name the major veins of the cerebral hemisphere.

What do you mean by i) central branches ii) cortical branches. Give their anatomical difference.

What do you mean by i) Functional end arteries ii) Artery of cerebral hemorrhage iii) macular sparing.

Item no-4: Diencephalon and pituitary gland.

Name the different parts and location of diencephalon.

Give the relation and nuclei of the thalamus.

Give the main afferent and efferent connection of thalamus.

Give the location, nuclei of hypothalamus and mention their function.

Name the different lobes and part of pituitary gland.

Give the connection of the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland.

What do you know about i) Hypothalamo-hypophsial tract. Ii) hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system.

Name the hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.

Give the blood supply of the pituitary gland.

Give the location and relation of the pituitary gland.

Give the boundary and feature of the interpeduncular fossa.

Item no- 5. Basal ganglia, Internal capsule, extrapyramidal system and limbic system

Name the different component of the basal ganglia. Mention the relation of the basal ganglia.

Name the different connection of the basal ganglia.

Name the clinical feature related to lesion to different nuclei of the basal ganglia.

Give the blood supply of the basal ganglia.

What is internal capsule. Give the relation of internal capsule.

Give the different part of internal capsule. Name the ascending and descending tract passing through them.

Give the blood supply of the internal capsule. Why ischemic damage of internal capsule produces so extensive functional deficit.

Name the extrapyramidal tract. Give their origin and termination.

Give the function of extrapyramidal tract.

What are the feature produces by lesion to extrapyramidal tract.

What do you mean by limbic system.

Name the different component of limbic system.

Give the function of limbic system.

Item no-6: Brain stem, Reticular formation. And cerebellum

What is brain stem

Give the component of brain stem.

Name the different pars of the midbrain.

Draw and label the transverse section of the midbrain at the levels of i) superior colliculus ii) inferior colliculus.

Give the blood supply of the midbrain.

Name the parts of pons.

Give the blood supply of pons.

Give the topographical feature of medulla oblongata.

Give transverse sections of medulla oblongata at its upper half and lower half.

Give the blood supply of medulla oblongata.

Name the different part of cerebellum.

Give the different layer of cerebellar cortex.

Name the deep nuclei of cerebellum.

Name the cerebellar peduncle and mention the tracts passing through them.

Give the function of cerebellum.

Name the different lobes of the cerebellum.

Give the blood supply of cerebellum.

Give the clinical feature of lesion of cerebellum.

Give the origin and termination of i) mossy fiber ii) climbing fiber.

Item no- 7: Ventricles and Cerebro-spinal fluid(CSF)

Name the ventricles of brain and give their location.

Name the different parts of lateral ventricles and give their relation.

Give the internal features of different parts of lateral ventricles.

Give the boundary/relation of 3^rd ventricle.

Give the boundary of 4^th ventricle of the brain.

Give the boundary of rhomboid fossa mention its features.

What is i) tela choroidea ii) chord plexus.

Trace the path way of circulation of CSF from its site of formation up to its drainage into the vanous blood.

Give the composition and function of CSF.

What is normal pressure of CSF.

What do you mean by i) lumber puncture ii) Cisternal puncture. Why these are done and where these are done.

What do you mean by subarachnoid cisterna.

Name the major cistern of subarachnoid space.

What is hydrocephalus.

Item no-8: Spinal cord

Give the extension of spinal cord.

Give the average length of adult spinal cord.

Give the levels of different segments of the spinal cord.

Give the formation and division of a spinal nerve.

What do you mean by i) conus medulla ii) corda equinae iii) Ligamentum denticulum iv) Filum terminalle.

What is lumber puncture.Which vertebral level is selected for lumber puncture? Why?

Give the macroscopic differences among the transverse section of different levels spinal cord.

Draw and level sections at thoracic level of spinal cord showing different ascending and descending tracts.

Give the arterial supply of spinal cord.

Give the vanous drainage of spinal cord. Why malignancies of pelvic organs readily extends to vertebrae and cranium.

What are the different spinal swelling.Give their vertebral level and their diameter.

Item no-9: Visual apparatus including the Eye ball.

Name the different coats of eye ball.

Give the different parts of outer coats of eyeball

Give the different parts of middle coats of eyeball

Give the different parts of inner coats of eyeball

Name the refractive media of the eyeball.

Trace out the visual pathway.

Name the different layers of cornea.

How cornea gets its nutrition.

Name the different layers of retina

How retina gets its nutrition.

Trace the pathway of i) Light reflex ii) corneal reflex iii) accommodation reflex

Trace out the circulation of aquous humour.

What do you mean by i) glaucoma ii)cataract iii) squint iv) nystagmus.

Give the different parts of optic nerve.mention their length and location.

What do you know about i) Sclero-corneal junction(limbus) ii) irido-corneal junction iii)Macula lutea.

Name the intraocular muscles. Give their actions and nerve supply,

Head & Neck (SAQ)

Scalp

1. Name the different layers of scalp. Mention its nerve supply and blood supply
2. Define scalp. Which layer of the scalp is more important clinically and why ?
3. Why arrest of bleeding is delayed in scalp injury .

Muscle

Give the origin insersion and nerve supply of the lateral pterygoid

Give the origin insersion and nerve supply of the muscles of mastication

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Blood supply

Describe the venous drainage of face with clinical importance

Nerve

1. Enumerate the nuclei and functional component of facial nerve . what is Bell’s palsy 
2. Write down the nerve supply of the face on the developmental background

Lacrimal apparatus

1. Write about location and nerve supply of lacrimal glands .trace the pathway of tears 
2. Give the secretomotor innervation of lacrimal gland
3. SN: lacrimal apparatus . clinical importance

Orbit

1. Give location, relation, connection and structure supply by ciliary ganglion
2. Give the boundaries and content of orbits
3. Give the nerve supply and action of the extraocular muscle. Give the effects  of occulomotor nerve paralysis on these muscles

Parotid region

 Name the structures embedded in parotid gland. Give the nerve supply and location of parotid gland

Parotid duct

Anterior triangle of the neck

1. Write the histology development and blood supply of thyroid gland. Mention the congenital anomalies of  the thyroid gland
2. Write the steps of the dissection of the anterior triangle
3. Mention the branches from different parts of subclavian artery
4. Write the subdivision of anterior triangle of the neck
5. Why thyroid swelling moves with deglutition
6. Carotid triangle

Posterior triangle:

1. Give the arrangement and attachment of investing layer of deep cervical fascia . give the formation  and contents of the carotid sheath
2. Write the steps of dissection of posterior triangle
3. Give the boundaries and contents of posterior triangles of neck
4. Name the different layer of deep cervical fascia and give attachment and distribution of later of deep cervical fascia
5. SN: external jugular vein

Suboccipital triangle

Write the boundaries and content of suboccipital triangle

Give the steps of dissection of suboccipital triangles

Mouth:

1. Mention the muscles of soft palate with their nerve supply & action. Explain embryologically formation of cleft palate. 4+3(jan- 05)
2. What do you mean by waldeyers  ring? Give the location & histological structure of palatine tonsil. Blood supply & development of palatine tonsil.
3. S/N – Cleft palate. 1.5
4. How soft palate is formal? What is its role of swallowing.
5. S/N- Soft palate with its clinical importance.
6. Give the development & congenital malformation of permanent palate.

Tongue:

1. Give the development of the tongue. Explain its nerve supply on the basis of its development .
2. Mention lymphatic drainage of tongue. Explain tongue tie. 3+1
3. Name the muscles of the tongue. Give the motor & sensory supply of tongue.

Pharynx:

1. Give the different parts of pharynx with their extension.
2. Write a note on nasopharynx.

Nose & Para nasal sinuses:

1. Give the formation of nasal septum. Give its lining epithelium, blood supply & nerve supply.
2. What is the clinical importance of Little’s area.
3. Give the different part of vasal cavity.
4. Name the structures opening into the lateral wall of vassal caviry. Give the arterial vassal wall.
5. What is mucoperiosteum?
6. Name the paranasal air sinuses & mention their sides of drainage. How the maxillary hiatus closed.
7. Give the anatomical features of maxillary air sinus. How ‘maxillary hiatus’is reduced in articulated skull?

Larynx:

1. Mention extension & interior of larynx. Give its nerve supply.
2. Enumerate the ‘functional component’s of vagus nerve.
3. Mention the lining epithelium & nerve supply of larynx.
4. Name the cartilages of larynx. Give the boundary & clinical importance of piriform recess.
5. What are the effects of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis.

Vertebral column & deep dissection of the back:

1. S/N- i) Vertebral artery.  

              ii) Peripheral parasympathetic ganglia.

2. Write about the vertebral artery e its clinical importance
3. How spinal nerve is formal? Discuss a typical spinal nerve.
4. S/N- i) Origin, insertion, nerve supply & action of Trapezium.

               ii) External jugular vein.

5. Give the structure & development of intervertebral dise. Mention its clinical im

Joint of the head & neck:

1. Mention the type of joints & their movements between 1^st & 2^nd cervical vertebrae. How hanging causes immediate death?
2. Describe temporomendibular joint. Why it is called atypical synovial joint?
3. Mention the different atlatoaxial joints & their movements. What might be the effect due to rupture of transverse cervical ligment.
4. What is frontanalle? Mention the location & time of fusion of different frontanalle.
5. Write down the contents of vertebral canal. Give Clinical importance of intervertebral  venous plexus.

Organ of hearing & equilibrium:

1. Give the components of membranous labyrinth. Give the structure of organ of corti. Crista ampullarius & muculae.
2. Give the boundaries & contents of middle ear cavity.
3. Give the parts of internal ear. Write down about organ of corti.
4. Describe briefly the tympanic membrane.

Pituitary gland:

1. Give the development & histological structure of pituitary gland.
2. Describe the blood supply of hypophysis cerebri.

Embryology related to head & neck:

1. Give the derivatives of different pharyngeal pouches.
2. Give the derivatives of 1^st & 2^nd pharyngeal arches. What is pharyngeal apparatus.
3. What do you mean by branchial arch, pharyngeal pouches & pharyngeal cleft.
4. Give the derivaties of neural crest.