Rough endoplasmic reticulum vs smooth endoplasmic reticulum

 difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Bell palsy vs facial palsy due to stroke

 Bell palsy vs facial palsy due to stroke  

For learning anatomy, please visit :

My youtube channel :  @easyhumanatomy73

My website : http://easyhumananatomy.com

My facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/easyhumanatomy/

My blog: http://www.easyhumanatomy73.blogspot.com

My blog:  Difference between : http://www.microscopicanatomybd.blogspot.com

The two most common causes of acute facial paralysis are Bell’s palsy and ischemic stroke or upper motor type of facial paralysis. 

Facial weakness can be caused by strokes in many different locations in the brain and brainstem. Strokes involving the brain typically cause central facial weakness that involves the mouth and spares the eye and forehead.

 Strokes involving the brainstem can sometimes cause weakness of the mouth, eye and forehead–mimicking a peripheral lesion. In these cases however, there will be other focal neurologic deficits. A review of systems and neurologic examination can help to identify signs and symptoms of stroke.

Bell's palsy is a condition that causes sudden weakness in the muscles on one side of the face. In most cases, the weakness is temporary and significantly improves over weeks. 

The weakness makes half of the face appear to droop. Smiles are one-sided, and the eye on the affected side resists closing.

Bell palsy vs facial palsy due to stroke  

Topic	Upper motor type/ stroke		Lower motor type/ bell’s palsy
Age	>60 years		20 -50
Time course	Second to minutes		Few hours to few days
Upper face	Usually not affected		Affected
Lower face	Affected		Affected
Associate symptoms	•      Rapid onset of mild weakness to total paralysis on one side of your face — occurring within hours to days •      Facial droop and difficulty making facial expressions, such as closing your eye or smiling •      Drooling •      Pain around the jaw or in or behind your ear on the affected side •      Increased sensitivity to sound on the affected side •      Headache •      A loss of taste •      Changes in the amount of tears and saliva you produce	stroke causing isolated left lower facial weakness. There’s a flattened nasolabial fold & inability to smile on the affected side with sparing of the forehead &  eye closure muscles. Weakness or numbness in the arm or leg: Weakness or numbness can occur either on the same side as the facial palsy, or on the opposite side, Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia): Dysphagia secondary to brainstem ischemia

Difference between corticospinal tract and corticonuclear tract

 Difference between corticospinal tract and corticonuclear tract

<script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1234567890123456" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

For learning anatomy, please visit :

My youtube channel :  @easyhumanatomy73

My website : http://easyhumananatomy.com

My facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/easyhumanatomy/

My blog: http://www.easyhumanatomy73.blogspot.com

My blog:  Difference between : http://www.microscopicanatomybd.blogspot.com

Corticonuclear tract	Corticospinal tract
Definition: motor pathway from the motor cortex of the brain to the motor nuclei of cranial nerves within the brainstem.	Definition: motor pathway from the brain’s motor cortex to lower motor neurons located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord’s gray matter. Divided into the anterior corticospinal tract (supplies axial muscles) and the lateral corticospinal tract (supplies muscles of the limbs).
Function: responsible for voluntary movement of the muscles of the face (CN. VII), head and neck (CN. XI). Also involved in phonation, swallowing and facial expression. (CN. VII and IX)	Function: responsible for voluntary movement of the muscles of the limbs and trunk.

Difference between connective tissue mast cell and mucosal mast cell

 Difference between connective tissue mast cell and mucosal mast cell

For learning anatomy, please visit :

My youtube channel :  @easyhumanatomy73

My website : http://easyhumananatomy.com

My facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/easyhumanatomy/

My blog: http://www.easyhumanatomy73.blogspot.com

My blog:  Difference between : http://www.microscopicanatomybd.blogspot.com

Topics	connective tissue mast cell	mucosal mast cell
Another name	Also known as MCTC mast cell	Also known as MCT mast cell
Location	Skin , intestinal submucosa, breast and axillary lymph nodes	Lungs, intestinal mucosa
Granules and its internal structure	Granules with Lattice like internal structure	Granule with a scroll like internal structure
Granules contain	Tryptase and chymase	Only tryptase

Differences between the electrical and chemical synapses.

 Differences between the electrical and chemical synapses.

For learning anatomy, please visit :

My youtube channel :  @easyhumanatomy73

My website : http://easyhumananatomy.com

My facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/easyhumanatomy/

My blog: http://www.easyhumanatomy73.blogspot.com

My blog:  Difference between : http://www.microscopicanatomybd.blogspot.com

Chemical synapses	Electrical synapses
It is present in higher vertebrates.	It is present in both lower and higher vertebrates and invertebrates.
Nerve impulse is transmitted using a neurotransmitter.	Nerve impulse is transmitted using ions.
Unidirectional transmission.	Bi-directional transmission.
Gaps between cells are around 20 nm	Smaller gaps - only 3 - 5 nm
Transmission is relatively slow - several milliseconds.	Transmission is fast - almost instant.
Either inhibitory or excitatory.	Excitatory.
Signal remains strong.	Signal will disappear over time.
Sensitive to pH and hypoxia.	Insensitive to pH and hypoxia.
Vulnerability to fatigue.	Relatively less vulnerable to fatigue.

Difference between pulsation of jugular vein and carotid artery

 Difference between pulsation of jugular vein and carotid artery

For learning anatomy, please visit :

My youtube channel :  @easyhumanatomy73

My website : http://easyhumananatomy.com

My facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/easyhumanatomy/

My blog: http://www.easyhumanatomy73.blogspot.com

My blog:  Difference between : http://www.microscopicanatomybd.blogspot.com

PULSATION OF JUGULAR VEIN	PULSATION OF CAROTID ARTERY
No pulsations palpable.	Palpable pulsations.
Pulsations obliterated by pressure above the clavicle.	Pulsations not obliterated by pressure above the clavicle.
Level of pulse wave decreased on inspiration; increased on expiration.	No effects of respiration on pulse.
Usually two pulsations per systole (x and y descents).	One pulsation per systole.
Prominent descents.	Descents not prominent.
Pulsations sometimes more prominent with abdominal pressure.	No effect of abdominal pressure on pulsation

Anatomy of thyroid cartilage

 For learning anatomy, please visit :

My youtube channel :  @easyhumanatomy73

My website : http://easyhumananatomy.com

My facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/easyhumanatomy/

My blog: http://www.easyhumanatomy73.blogspot.com

My blog:  Difference between : http://www.microscopicanatomybd.blogspot.com

The thyroid cartilage is a substantial shield-shaped structure that is situated near the top of the larynx in the front of the neck (voice box). Due to variations in the size and shape of the larynx, it is frequently referred to as the Adam's apple and is more noticeable in men than in women.

The laryngeal prominence, also referred to as the Adam's apple, is the point where the two halves or plates of hyaline cartilage that make up the thyroid cartilage meet. The superior thyroid notch, which is modest and visible in certain persons, is located in front of the thyroid cartilage.

The larynx and vocal cords are shielded by the thyroid cartilage, which is also crucial for speech production. The muscles of the larynx are in charge of regulating the tension and positioning of the vocal cords during speech and singing. The vocal cords are linked to the rear of the thyroid cartilage. By providing places of attachment for the muscles involved in swallowing, the thyroid cartilage also contributes to this process.

Skin superficial fascia and deep fascia of neck Gold information to memorize

 

Skin superficial fascia and deep fascia of neck  Gold information to memorize

For learning anatomy, please visit :

My youtube channel :  @easyhumanatomy73

My website : http://easyhumananatomy.com

My facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/easyhumanatomy/

My blog: http://www.easyhumanatomy73.blogspot.com

My blog:  Difference between : http://www.microscopicanatomybd.blogspot.com 

1.    All cutaneous nerve of neck are derived from cervical plexus except	greater occipital nerve which is derived from dorsal ramus of C2 spinal nerve
Thickest cutaneous nerve of the body	Greater occipital nerve
Cutaneous nerve which may pierce clavicle through and through	Intermediate supraclavicular nerve
Most important superficial vein in the neck	external jugular vein
Most commonly used external jugular vein for central venous cannulation catheterization	right external jugular vein
Muscle of neck representing panniculus carnosus of lower animals	Platysma
Cold abscess (tubercular abscess) abscess without signs of acute inflammation like pain and redness Commonest cause of cold abscess in the neck	Tuberculosis of cervical vertebrae
Fibrous band connecting thyroid capsule to the cricoid cartilage	Ligament of Berry

Submandibular region, Gold information to memorize

 

Submandibular region

Gold information to memorize

 

1.    Key muscle of submandibular region

Ans: Hyoglossus

2.    Smallest of the three parts of large salivary glands

Ans : Sublingual salivary gland

3.    Wharton duct

Ans: Submandibular duct

4.    Ducts of Rivinus

Ans: Ducts of sublingual gland

5.    Langley ganglion

Ans: Submandibular ganglion

6.    Most commonly damaged artery during surgical removal of submandibular gland

Ans facial artery

7.    Most commonly damaged nerve during surgical removal of submandibular gland

Ans : lingual nerve damaged during ligation and divison of submandibular duct

 

 

 

Clinical anatomy of scalp

Clinical anatomy of scalp

1.      Which layers of scalp is known as dangerous layer of scalp?

·       4^th layer, the subaponeurotic layer of scalp is known as dangerous layer of scalp.

·        Why ?

·       Due to loose spaces blood and pus tent to collect in this space and this space contain emissary veins which connect veins of scalp to the venous sinuses of cranium. So infection from this layer spread into the venous sinuses of cranium.

2.     Functional importance of sub aponeurotic layer of scalp

·       In case children injury of vault, blood from intra cranial hematoma accumulate in 4^th layer of scalp, so no sign of intracranial pressure rise was seen

3.      Why bleeding under surface of periosteum of skull bone cause cephalohaematoma

It is a hemorrhage of blood between the skull and the periosteum of particular skull bones. It  is a typically harmless condition that causes blood to pool under a newborn's scalp after a difficult vaginal delivery. Periosteum of skull bone, the innermost layer of scalp is loosely attach to bone except near the suture, so hemorrhage below this layer make shape of individual bone. It is more see in parietal region.

4.     Why a blow on head lead to “black eye’ ?

·       Injury of the scalp causes collection of blood into the 4^th layer of scalp, the sub-aponeurotic layer of scalp. Frontalis muscle which cover part of forehead of scalp has no bony attachment and due to gravity blood accumulated in the scalp go downward and accumulate under the eye.

5.     After scalp injury, why blood accumulate under the eye but not goes laterally and posteriorly.?

·       The epicranial aponeurosis of scalp and occipitalis muscles have bony attachments to superficial temporal lines and superior nuchal lines, so blood cannot go laterally and posteriorly  but frontalis muscle has no bony attachment so blood always track downward and settle under the eye.

6.     Why wounds of scalp bleed profusely? 

·       It has two causes

·       The scalp is rich in blood supply

·        For epicranial aponeurosis (or galea aponeurotica) which is a tough layer form by dense fibrous tissue and  scalp blood vessel adhere with it which prevent vasocontriction , so scalp injury bleed more.  

7.     Why transverse scalp injury tend to create  more gap?

Ans Epicranial aponeurosis (or galea aponeurotica), the 2^nd layers of the scalp which is  a tough layer made by  dense fibrous tissue which runs from the frontalis muscle anteriorly to the occipitalis posteriorly. So there is a  tension present within the epicranial aponeurosis from anterior posteriorly. So a large gap is created when injury occur in transversely but injury occur in anterior posterior direction is not followed by large gap.    

8.     Caput succedaneum is swelling of the scalp in a newborn. It is most often brought on by pressure from the uterus or vaginal wall during a head-first (vertex) delivery. 

9.     Clinical anatomy of Caput succedaneum

It  is swelling due to collection of fluid in the  4^th layer(loose areolar tissue)  of scalp in a newborn. It is most often brought on by pressure from the uterus or vaginal wall during a head-first (vertex) delivery. It is subsides with 1-2 days