Paracentral lobule

 Paracentral lobule 

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•       Paracentral lobule is situated   on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere

•      Paracentral lobule is the continuation of the precentral gyri of frontal lobe  and postcentral gyri of parietal lobe of cerebrum

•      Functions: The paracentral lobule controls motor and sensory innervations of the contralateral lower extremity.

•      It is also responsible for control of defecation and urination.

•      Artery supply : It is supplied by branches of the anterior cerebral artery branch of internal carotid artery

•      Damage of paracentral lobule occurs from occlusion of anterior cerebral artery. Characteristic manifestations include:

•      Contralateral lower limb muscle weakness

•      Urinary incontinence

Mixed cranial nerves: (V, VII, IX, X) lecture notes

Mixed cranial nerves: (V, VII, IX, X)

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·         Trigeminal nerve,

·         Facial,

·         Glossopharyngeal,

·         Vagus 

Trigeminal nerve (V)

It has three parts

	Foramen	Type	Functional component	Function	Nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Ophthalmic nerve	Superior orbital fissure	sensory nerve	GVA	Carry sensation from cornea, Upper part of face( Scalp, forehead, upper eyelid) ,	Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve Main sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve and  mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Maxillary nerve	Foramen Rotundum	sensory nerve	GVA	Carry sensation from Middle part of face (skin over the maxilla) upper jaw, maxillary sinus
mandibular nerve	Foramen ovale	Mixed : both sensory and motor	GVA SVE	Sensory : Lower part of face (skin over the mandible, temporomandibular joint & general sensation from the ant 2/3 of tongue Motor : muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatine

 

Facial nerve (VII)

Foramen	Type	Parasympathetic ganglion	Functional component	Function	Nuclei
Internal acoustic meatus , facial canal and stylomastoid foramen	Mixed nerve both sensory and motor	This nerve is related with two parasympathetic ganglion Submandibular ganglion and pterygopalatine ganglion	SVA:	Carry taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue	Nucleus of tractus solitaries
			GVE:	This fibre innervate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal gland and gland of nose and palate	Superior salivary nucleus and  lacrimal nuclei
			SVE	This fibre innervate muscles of facial expression, stapedius, the posterior belly of digastric, and the stylohyoid.	Main motor nucleus
			GSA :	Carry sensation from the skin of the external ear.

 

Glossopharyngeal nerve :

 

Foramen	Type	Parasympathetic ganglion	Functional component	Function	Nuclei
Jugular foramen	Mixed nerve both sensory and motor	This nerve is related with otic ganglion	SVA:	Carry taste sensation from the posterior one-thirds of the tongue	Nucleus of tractus solitaries
			GVA	Carry  touch pain temperature sensation from pharynx and the posterior one-thirds of the tongue	Nucleus of tractus solitaries
			GSA :	Carry sensation from the skin of the external ear.
			SVE	Stylopharyngeus	Nucleus ambiguus
			GVE:	This fibre innervate the parotid gland	Inferior salivary nucleus

 

Vagus nerve(x) function in short :

Foramen	Type	Functional component	Function	Nuclei
Jugular foramen	Mixed nerve both sensory and motor	SVA:	Carry taste sensation from the posteriormost part of the tongue and epiglottis	Nucleus of tractus solitaries
		GVA	Carry  touch pain temperature sensation from thoracic and abdominal viscera	Nucleus of tractus solitaries
		GSA :	Carry sensation from the skin of the external ear.	Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
		SVE	Muscle of palate, larynx and pharynx	Nucleus ambiguus
		GVE:	Smooth muscle and gland of thoracic and abdominal viscera	Dorsal nucleus of vagus

 

 

 

Pure motor cranial nerve lecture note

Pure motor cranial nerve:  Oculomotor,  trochlear and abducent , accessory nerve and hypoglossal nerve (3, 4, 6,   11, 12)

Oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves are pure motor nerve which innervate extraocular muscles

	Nerves	Functions	Nucleus	Parasympathetic ganglion	Name of the opening through which nerve exit the cranium
III	Oculomotor nerve	All extra-ocular muscles of  eye are supplied by oculomotor nerve except SO and LR	Oculomotor nucleus Edinger –Westphal  nucleus	This nerve is related with ciliary ganglion	Superior orbital fissure

 

	Nerves	Functions	Nucleus	Name of the opening through which nerve exit the cranium
IV	Trochlear nerve	SO 4: superior oblique muscle is supplied by trochlear nerve	Trochlear nucleus	Superior orbital fissure
VI	Abducent nerve	LR 6: lateral rectus muscle is supplied by abducent nerve	Abducent nucleus	Superior orbital fissure

 

XI	Accessory nerve	Functions	Nucleus	Name of the opening  through which nerve exit  the cranium
	Cranial root	It supplies all muscles of soft palate ( except tensor veli  palatine) and all muscles of  the pharynx except stylopharyngeus	Spinal accessory nucleus	Jugular foramen
	Spinal root	This part supplies the sternocleidomastiod and trapezius muscles		Foramen magnum
XII	Hypoglossal nerve	It supplies all muscles of the tongue except  palatoglossus	Hypoglossal nucleus	Hypoglossal canal