Patella: lecture note

 Patella is the largest sesamoid bone of the body 

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It is a flat, rounded triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. 

Babies are born with a patella of soft cartilage which begins to ossify into bone at about four years of age.

Anatomical point 

1. pointed apex is directed downward

2. anaterior surface is convex 

3 posterior surface bears two facet lateral facet is larger than the medial facet 

it is located Within the quadriceps tendon, anterior to the knee joint

The patella (kneecap) is located at the front of the knee joint, within the patellofemoral groove of the femur. Its superior aspect is attached to the quadriceps tendon and inferior aspect to the patellar ligament.

Attachment : The apex of the patella is situated inferiorly and is connected to the tibial tuberosity by the patellar ligament. The base forms the superior aspect of the bone and provides the attachment area for the quadriceps tendon.

patella helps knee extension, allows for smooth movement during knee flexion/extension, protects the anterior surface of the knee joint

The patellofemoral joint is where the back of your patella (kneecap) and femur (thigh bone) meet at the front of your knee. 

It's involved in climbing, walking on an incline, and several other knee movements. 

It's also the joint affected by a common injury called "runner's knee.

Ossification. The patella is ossified from a single center, 

which usually makes its appearance in the second or third year, 

but may be delayed until the sixth year. More rarely, the bone is developed by two centers, placed side by side. 

Ossification is completed about the age of puberty.

summary of BRCA1 and BRCA2

BRCA1 and BRCA2: The most common cause of hereditary breast cancer is an inherited mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. In normal cells, these genes help make proteins that repair damaged DNA. Mutated versions of these genes can lead to abnormal cell growth, which can lead to cancer.

The first major gene associated with hereditary breast cancer was BRCA1, located on chromosome 17.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, but act recessively on the cellular level as tumor suppressor genes involved in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) break repair

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may account for up to 10% of all breast cancers, or 1 out of every 10 cases.

Women who are diagnosed with breast cancer and have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation often have a family history of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and other cancers. Still, most people who develop breast cancer did not inherit a genetic mutation linked to breast cancer and have no family history of the disease.

Overall, white women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer than African American women, although the gap between them has been closing in recent years. In women under age 40, breast cancer is more common in African American women. African American women are also more likely to die from breast cancer at any age. Asian, Hispanic, and Native American women have a lower risk of developing and dying from breast cancer.

Risk in different groups also varies by type of breast cancer. For example, African American women are more likely to have the less common triple-negative breast cancer.

Many studies have found that taller women have a higher risk of breast cancer than shorter women. The reasons for this aren’t exactly clear, but it may have something to do with factors that affect early growth, such as nutrition early in life, as well as hormonal or genetic factors. 

Breasts are made up of fatty tissue, fibrous tissue, and glandular tissue. Breasts appear denser on a mammogram when they have more glandular and fibrous tissue and less fatty tissue. Women with dense breasts on mammogram have a higher risk of breast cancer than women with average breast density. Unfortunately, dense breast tissue can also make it harder to see cancers on mammograms.

A number of factors can affect breast density, such as age, menopausal status, the use of certain drugs (including menopausal hormone therapy), pregnancy, and genetics.

Women diagnosed with certain types of benign (non-cancer) breast conditions may have a higher risk of breast cancer. Some of these conditions are more closely linked to breast cancer risk than others. Doctors often divide benign breast conditions into different groups, depending on how they affect this risk.