Rough endoplasmic reticulum vs smooth endoplasmic reticulum

 difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Bell palsy vs facial palsy due to stroke

 Bell palsy vs facial palsy due to stroke  

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The two most common causes of acute facial paralysis are Bell’s palsy and ischemic stroke or upper motor type of facial paralysis. 

Facial weakness can be caused by strokes in many different locations in the brain and brainstem. Strokes involving the brain typically cause central facial weakness that involves the mouth and spares the eye and forehead.

 Strokes involving the brainstem can sometimes cause weakness of the mouth, eye and forehead–mimicking a peripheral lesion. In these cases however, there will be other focal neurologic deficits. A review of systems and neurologic examination can help to identify signs and symptoms of stroke.

Bell's palsy is a condition that causes sudden weakness in the muscles on one side of the face. In most cases, the weakness is temporary and significantly improves over weeks. 

The weakness makes half of the face appear to droop. Smiles are one-sided, and the eye on the affected side resists closing.

Bell palsy vs facial palsy due to stroke  

Topic	Upper motor type/ stroke		Lower motor type/ bell’s palsy
Age	>60 years		20 -50
Time course	Second to minutes		Few hours to few days
Upper face	Usually not affected		Affected
Lower face	Affected		Affected
Associate symptoms	•      Rapid onset of mild weakness to total paralysis on one side of your face — occurring within hours to days •      Facial droop and difficulty making facial expressions, such as closing your eye or smiling •      Drooling •      Pain around the jaw or in or behind your ear on the affected side •      Increased sensitivity to sound on the affected side •      Headache •      A loss of taste •      Changes in the amount of tears and saliva you produce	stroke causing isolated left lower facial weakness. There’s a flattened nasolabial fold & inability to smile on the affected side with sparing of the forehead &  eye closure muscles. Weakness or numbness in the arm or leg: Weakness or numbness can occur either on the same side as the facial palsy, or on the opposite side, Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia): Dysphagia secondary to brainstem ischemia

Difference between corticospinal tract and corticonuclear tract

 Difference between corticospinal tract and corticonuclear tract

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Corticonuclear tract	Corticospinal tract
Definition: motor pathway from the motor cortex of the brain to the motor nuclei of cranial nerves within the brainstem.	Definition: motor pathway from the brain’s motor cortex to lower motor neurons located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord’s gray matter. Divided into the anterior corticospinal tract (supplies axial muscles) and the lateral corticospinal tract (supplies muscles of the limbs).
Function: responsible for voluntary movement of the muscles of the face (CN. VII), head and neck (CN. XI). Also involved in phonation, swallowing and facial expression. (CN. VII and IX)	Function: responsible for voluntary movement of the muscles of the limbs and trunk.

Difference between connective tissue mast cell and mucosal mast cell

 Difference between connective tissue mast cell and mucosal mast cell

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Topics	connective tissue mast cell	mucosal mast cell
Another name	Also known as MCTC mast cell	Also known as MCT mast cell
Location	Skin , intestinal submucosa, breast and axillary lymph nodes	Lungs, intestinal mucosa
Granules and its internal structure	Granules with Lattice like internal structure	Granule with a scroll like internal structure
Granules contain	Tryptase and chymase	Only tryptase

Differences between the electrical and chemical synapses.

 Differences between the electrical and chemical synapses.

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Chemical synapses	Electrical synapses
It is present in higher vertebrates.	It is present in both lower and higher vertebrates and invertebrates.
Nerve impulse is transmitted using a neurotransmitter.	Nerve impulse is transmitted using ions.
Unidirectional transmission.	Bi-directional transmission.
Gaps between cells are around 20 nm	Smaller gaps - only 3 - 5 nm
Transmission is relatively slow - several milliseconds.	Transmission is fast - almost instant.
Either inhibitory or excitatory.	Excitatory.
Signal remains strong.	Signal will disappear over time.
Sensitive to pH and hypoxia.	Insensitive to pH and hypoxia.
Vulnerability to fatigue.	Relatively less vulnerable to fatigue.

Difference between pulsation of jugular vein and carotid artery

 Difference between pulsation of jugular vein and carotid artery

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PULSATION OF JUGULAR VEIN	PULSATION OF CAROTID ARTERY
No pulsations palpable.	Palpable pulsations.
Pulsations obliterated by pressure above the clavicle.	Pulsations not obliterated by pressure above the clavicle.
Level of pulse wave decreased on inspiration; increased on expiration.	No effects of respiration on pulse.
Usually two pulsations per systole (x and y descents).	One pulsation per systole.
Prominent descents.	Descents not prominent.
Pulsations sometimes more prominent with abdominal pressure.	No effect of abdominal pressure on pulsation