Short questions on sacrum: helpful for study in short time

Short questions on Sacrum

1.     Anatomical points

a)        Identify

b)        base,

c)         apex,

d)       surfaces,

e)         body,

f)         vertebral foramen,

g)        pedicles,

h)       laminae,

i)           spinous process,

j)          transverse process,

k)        ala of sacrum,

l)          pelvic sacral foramina,

m)     dorsal sacral foramina,

n)       median, intermediate & lateral sacral crest ,

o)       sacral hiatus and cornua

2.     Relation of ala of sacrum and pelvic surface of sacrum

3.     Muscles and ligament of sacrum

4.     Structure passing through

·        pelvic sacral foramina,

·        dorsal sacral foramina,

·        sacral canal,

·        sacral hiatus

5.     Difference between male and female sacrum

Topics	Male sacrum	Female sacrum
Length
Wide
Concavity of pelvic surface
Muscular impressions
Weight

Short questions on hip bones : helpful for study in short time

Short questions of hip bone

i)                   Anatomical point

Iliac crest lies upward

Acetabulum lies laterally

Anterior  superior  iliac spine and pubic tubercle lies in same coronal plane

Ischial spine and pubic crest lies in same horizontal plane

Pubis symphysis lies in median plane

ii)                Parts of hip bone :

Ilium

Pubis

Ishchium

iii)              Ossification of hip bone :

iv)              Ligaments of hip bone:

inguinal ligament : attachment

sacrospinous: attachment

 sacrotuberous ligament: attachment

ligament of the head of the femur: attachment   

v)                What are the structures passing under the inguinal ligament?

Muscles:

Vessels:

Nerves:

vi)              Foramen related to hip bone:

·        obturator foramen: ………….. nerve and vessels

·        obturator artery is the branch of ……………. artery

·        how greater  and lesser sciatic notches are  converted into foramen and what are the structures passage through them ?

·        which structures of lesser sciatic foramen enter into pudendal canal

·        pudendal canal : location and content

·        pudendal nerve: root value / branches / innervations

vii)           Joints of hip bone and their types

viii)         Formation of acatabulum

Parts of ilium:

 Identify following areas of ilium  and study their attachment

a.     Attachment of  the iliac crest,

b.     Attachment  iliac tubersity,

c.      Attachment of anterior  inferior and superior iliac spine,

d.     Attachment and content  of iliac fossa,

e.      Attachment of gluteal surface and

f.       Attachment of posterior superior iliac spine and posterior inferior iliac spine

Parts of ishchium.

·        Identify following areas and study their attachment –

a.     Attachment of  ishchial tuberosity, 

b.     attachment of Ischial spine,

c.      relation of Ischial spine  

d.    attachment of ishchio-pubis ramus:

medial   to lateral :

                                                                               i.            fascia lata and colles fascia

                                                                             ii.            ischiocavernosus and superficial transverse perinea muscle

                                                                          iii.            perineal membrane

                                                                          iv.            sphincter urethrae and deep transverse perinea

                                                                             v.            inferior fascia of urogenital diaphram

                                                                          vi.            obturator internus

what is urogenital diaphragm : it is formed by sphincter urethrae and deep transverse perinea muscles  

e.      what do you mean by hamstring group of muscle , mention their common character

                                 Parts of pubis –

                   Identify following areas and study their attachment-

a.     Attachment of anterior surface of body of pubis:

Ans: adductor longus  

b.     Attachment of posterior surface of body of pubis :

Ans:  levator ani muscles /

Attachment of levator ani muscle :

Ans: origin :

i)       middle of the posterior surface of body of pubis,

ii)    obturator fascia and

iii)  ischial spine

Insertion : ……………..

Nerve supply:…………….

Action : ………………

How pelvis diaphragm is formed :

Ans: by levator ani muscle and coccygeus muscles

Relation of pos surface of body of pubis:

Ans:upper part is related to urinary bladder  

c.      Attachement sites of pectineus

d.     Attachment and relation of pubic tubercle :

Ans:  medial end of inguinal ligament

Relation : in male : it is crossed by spermatic fascia

In female it is cross by round ligament of uterus

e.      Attachment of pubic crest

f.       Superior ramus of pubis – attachment of pectineal line and pectineal surface

g.     Inferior ramus of pubis –attachment –

medial to lateral –

gracilis,

adductor brevis ,

adductor magnus,

obturator externus 

Differences between male and female hip bone

Topics	Male hip bone	Female hip bone
Ischial spine
Obturator foramen

Langman's medical embryology: General embryology : SAQs for practice

Langman’s medical embryology books

General embryology

 Chapter 1: Matching

Embryology	it is the study of normal developmental process
Teratology	it is the study of abnormal developmental process
Embryogenesis	the first 8 weeks of  development
Fetal period	the period of development from 9 wks to birth
Induction	Process whereby one population of cells or a tissue causes another set of cells or tissues to change their fate.
Exon	region of a gene that can be transcribed into a protein
Intron	region of a gene that can not be transcribed into a protein
Chromatin	a complex of DNA and protein

1. discuss shortly mandle’s law of inhabitant
2. Define growth. Classify growth with example.
3.  what is differentiation
4. What is totipotent cells and pluripotent cells?

Chapter 2: gametogenesis :

1. Define zygote.
2. gametes are derived from primordial germ cells that are formed in the epiblast/ hypoblast
3. Primordial germ cells begins to migrate from .............................. toward developing gonads during 3/4/5 weeks of development
4. Mention three features of teratomas
5. Human chromosomes contain .............................genes
6. what is cross over ?
7. Discuss the result of meiotic divisions.
8. What is polar body?
9. Classify chromosomal abnormality with example.
10. What do you mean by non-disjunction and anaphase lag ?
11. Mention five features of Turner’s syndrome, klinfelter’s syndrome and down syndrome?
12. Define oogenesis. Name of immature and mature female germ cells. 
13. What do you mean by primordial follicle, growing follicle , primary follicle, secondary (antral ) follicle, secondary ( graafian ) follicle
14. Draw and label graafian follicle.
15. When number of oogonia is reach in maximum number?
16. In oogenesis,  When 1^st meiotic and 2^nd meiotic division is complete?
17. Differentiation of primordial germ cells in female ( primordial germ cells ...oogonium(immature cells) ....primary oocyte.......secondary oocyte .......ovum( mature cells ) 
18. How many days are required to complete spermatogenesis ?
19. What are the changes occurred in spermiogenesis?
20. Draw and label cells of testes with their functions.
21. Write the chromosome number of oogonia, primary oocyte, 2^nd oocyte, ovum, spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, 2^nd spermatocyte, spermatozoa
22. Differentiation of primordial germ cells in male ( primordial germ cells ...spermatogonia (immature cells) ....type A spermatogonia and type B spermatogonia ........ type B spermatogia ....primary spermatocyte .......secondary spermatocyte .....early spermatid ....late spermatid ....spermatozoa( mature cells ) 
23. Write  difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis :

        When it starts,

              Are oogonia able to divide after birth?

              Number of mature germ cells after each meiotic divisions,

             Chromosome number (sex chromosome X or Y) 

             Polar body

             When oogenesis and spermatogenesis are stop

             Which hormones are act in oogenesis and spermatogenesis etc.

Chapter 3 : 1^st week of development : ovulation to implantation

1. sexual cycles are controlled by hypothalamus/ pituitary glands / ovary or testes
2. gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) produced by hypothalamus/ pituitary glands / ovary or testes
3. Follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH) produces by hypothalamus/ pituitary glands / ovary or testes
4. what is the function of follicle stimulating hormones
5. Which cells produce estrogen and progesterone?
6. what is the function of estrogen and progesterone hormones
7. When LH (lutinizing hormone) surge is occurred?
8. write importance of LH surge
9. What is ovulation? what are the sign of ovulation
10. What do you mean by corpus luteum, corpus albicans ,  corpus luteum of pregnency
11. Define fertilization.
12. what is capacitation and acrosome reaction
13. mention the phases of fertilization
14. mention the egg response
15. Mention the results fertilization.
16. What is cleavage? 
17. Draw and label Blastocyst.
18. how many layers are present in uterus
19. endometrium of uterus passes how many stages in each menstrual cycle, in which stage implantation is occurred ?
20. How many layers are there within uterine endometrium?

Chapter 4: 2^nd week of development : bilaminar germ disc

1. what are the changes take place in 8 days of development
2. what do you mean by lacunar stage
3. When secondary yolk sac cavity and chorionic cavity is formed?
4. What are the changes take place in 2^nd week of development ?
5. What do you mean by decidua reaction?
6. what is primary villi?
7. what is ectopic pregnancy?
8. what is hydatidiform mole ?

  Chapter 5: Third week of development : trilaminar germ disc

1.      what is Gastrulation?

2.      Draw and label dorsal surface of germ disc ( 16 days) showing primitive streak, primitive node and pit, oropharyngeal membrane ( buccopharyngeal membrane ) , cloacal membrane

3.      how notochord is formed ? mention its importance and fate.

4.      what is saccrococcygeal teratoma?

5.      what is Kartagener syndrome?

6.      What do you mean by primary, 2^nd and tertiary villi ( Draw and label)

7.      how umbilical cord is developed? 

Chapter 6 : Third to eight weeks : The embryonic period

1.      define neurulation. how neural tube is formed ? (Draw and label )

2.      How neural crest is formed? mention the derivatives of neural crest cells .

3.      Mention derivatives of neural crest ?

4.      Draw and label transverse section of development of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

5.      Define vasculogenesis and angiogenesis ? what is hemangiomas?

6.      Derivatives of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

Chapter 7 : 3 month to birth : the fetus and placenta

1.      define fetal period .

2.      when primary ossification center of bone is developed?

3.      when intestinal loops is herniated in the umbilical cord?

4.      When mother feel movement of fetus ?

5.      what is vernix caseosa?

6.      Mention the name of fetal membranes

7.      Draw and label a 2^nd month fetus showing decidua capsularis, decidua parietalis and decidua basalis, chorionic leave and chorionic frondosum

8.      Mention the structure of placenta with its functions

9.      define amnion with its functions. What is polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios

10.  Draw and label an umbilical cord. what is true and false knots.

11.  define dizygotic and monozygotic twin

Chapter 8: birth defects and prenatal diagnosis

1.      define teratology, teratogens

2.      mention different types of abnormality

3.      what is malformation, disruption, deformation, syndrome

4.      Draw a graph showing the times of gestation versus the risks of birth defects

5.      shortly discuss the principle of teratology

6.      give some examples of teratogens

7.      Mention the name of common congenital abnormality

Thorax card (new curriculum) : MBBS item viva questions (bangladesh)

THORAX

(Viva- item examination)

Item no-1: Thoracic Wall, thoracic cavity, Pleura & Mediastinum

1. Give the skeletal boundary of thoracic cage. Tell about content of thoracic cavity
2. Give the  boundary of thoracic inlet
3. Give the  boundary of thoracic outlet
4. What do you mean by typical intercostal space?
5. Mention the name of intercostal muscles with origin, insertion & NS
6. Define mediastinum with different subdivision. Give the boundary of superior / inferior (anterior/ middle/ posterior)  mediastinum and list their contents.
7. Joint: sternocondal jt & costochondal jt:  formation & type.
8. What do you mean by i) True ribs ii) False rib iii) Floating ribs
9. Identify sternal angle and write importance of sternal angle.
10. Bones: Typical rib, 1^st rib, 12^th rib
11. Figure- 1^st & 12^th rib

Item-2: Different joint of thorax

1.      Name different joint of thorax, mention their formation & type.

2.      Write about peculiarities of clavicle.

3.      Define joint. Classify joint

4.      Classify (fibrous/cartilaginous/ synovial joint)

5.      Write features of synovial joint.

6.      Difference between primary & secondary cartilaginous joint.

7.      Bone: Clavicle, Sternum  

8.      Figure: clavicle /Sternum/Typical synovial joint./Fibrous joint/Cartilaginous joint.

Item-3:

1.      Define pericardium. Write different layers with blood & nerve supply

2.      How many chambers present within heart.

·         Write a flow chart to describe systemic circulation.

·         Write a flow chart to describe pulmonary circulation

·         Write a flow chart to describe portal circulation

3.      List the name of structure enter into the right atrium of heart.

4.      How sternocostal surface of heart is formed?

5.      Draw & label arterial supply,venous supply of heart and nerve supply of heart

6.      Discuss the  role of sympathetic& para sympathetic nervous system on heart

7.       Mention difference layers of heart.

8.      Identify/formation 

Four chamber of heart 

 Surfaces- sternocostal, diaphragmatic,  left surfce , base

Borders-Right border Left border, interior border

Grooves – Coronary sulcus, ant. & pos. interventricular grooves

Vessels: Rt & Lf coronary artery, coronary sinus

Root of great vessels- SVC, IVC, ascending thoracic aorta, arch of  aorta, descending thoracic aorta, four pulmonary vein, pulmonary trunk

         Interior of heart- Interventricular septum/Papillary muscle/Corda tendenae/Cups/

                                        musculae pectinae/fossa Ovalis /Limbus fossa ovalis.

             Figure:    1. Arterial supply of heart

                               2. Venous system of heart

                               3. Conducting system of heart

Item-4:

1.      Define pleura mention its different layers. Mention blood & nerve supply of pleura.

2.      Extension of trachea. Difference between Rt & left principal bronchus. Blood supply of trachea

3.      Extension of conducting & respiratory part.

4.      Lining epithelium of conducting & respiratory part. 

5.      Identify-

    Surfaces- medial i) Vertebral   ii) Mediastinal, 

    Costal, Base, Apex, Hilum

      

              Bordar- Anterior border & inferior  border.

              Ligament- Pulmonary ligament.

              Groove- Groove for azygous vein, Groove for SVC, IVC, Descending thoracic aorta.

        6.  Function of conducting & respiratory part.

        7.  Define Branchopulmonary segment. Draw & label B.S of both Lung.

 Figure- pleura   

                       - Supra-plueral membrane - formation, attachment function.

  Item-5:The Diaphragm & Oesphagus:

Esophagus: Extension, Lining epithelium, Blood supply,  peritoneal relation, Porto-systemic anastomosis

The Diaphragm- Anatomical points

                          -Formation

                         - Parts

                         - Openings – vertebral label & structure passing through it.

                         - Functions.

                         - Nerve supply- sensory and motor.

                         - Type of muscle present in the diaphragm.

Bones: Typical thoracic vertebrae, Atypical thoracic vertebrae

Item-6:

Phrenic nerve- root value.

                      - Important relation.

                       - what type of nerve it is?

                       -arises from which plexus 

                      - supplied area.

Spinal nerve: Formation & location.  

                      Branches.

                      what type of nerve it is?

                      Draw & label

                      Number.

Intercostal nerve: Formation

                             Location

                             Difference between spinal nerve & intercostal nerve.

Lymphatic drainage:

What are right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct & cisternal chyli?

Branches of ascending aorta & desconding aorta tributaries of SVC, azygous & hemiazygous vein