Bronchopulmonary segment of lung: brief and important review

Bronchopulmonary segment

1.       Definition: it  is anatomical , functional and surgical subdivision of lung which is supplied by  tertiary (segmental ) bronchus

2.       Conducting part of bronchopulmonary segment is supplied by bronchial artery (contain O 2 rich blood)

3.       And respiratory part of bronchopulmonary segment is supplied by pulmonary artery  (contain CO2 rich blood )

4.       Shape : roughly pyramidal in shape, 

5.       Apex of pyramid towards the hilum

6.       Base of pyramid towards the surface

7.       Each segment is separated by other by connective tissue , which contain pulmonary vein (O2 rich blood) and lymphatic.

8.       Importance: it is important because a surgeon can remove one segment without seriously disrupting surrounding segment

9.      

 Number of bronchopulmonary segment  in each lung : 10

         Right lung : 

         

Upper lobe

1.       Apical

2.       Posterior

3.       Anterior

Middle lobe

4.       Lateral

5.       Medial

Lower  lobe

1.       Apical

2.       Medial basal

3.       Anterior basal

4.       Lateral basal

5.       Posterior basal

left lung : 

Upper lobe

1.       Apical

2.       Posterior

3.       Anterior

4.       Superior lingula

5.       Inferior lingula

Lower lobe

6.Apical

7.Medial basal

8.Anterior basal

9.Lateral basal

10.Posterior basal

Bony pelvis: short questions for oral examination

Short questions of bony pelvis :

1.     Mention anatomical points of bony pelvis

2.     How bony pelvis is formed?

3.     How many joints are present in bony pelvis? Mention their types

4.     What are the divisions of pelvis? Which plane divide bony pelvis in two parts?

5.     Trace the pelvic inlet in a bony pelvis.

6.     What is linea terminalis ?

7.     Trace the pelvic outlet and mention its boundaries.

8.     Why greater pelvis is known as false pelvis and lesser pelvis is  known as true pelvis?

9.     Which structure cover pelvis outlet anteriorly and posteriorly?

10.                        Mention the formation of  pelvic diaphragm.

11.                        Mention the content of pelvic cavity in male and female.

12.                        What is pelvimetry?

13.                        How anterior- posterior, oblique,transverse diameter of pelvic inlet is measured?

14.                        Which diameter of pelvis inlet is longest in female ?

15.                        How anterior- posterior, oblique,transverse diameter of pelvic outlet is measured?

16.                        Which diameter of pelvis outlet is longest in female?

17.                        Measurement of bony pelvis is always done internally ---true /false

18.                        What is external conjugate, diagonal conjugate, obstetrical conjugate

19.                        Draw different types of pelvis. Which varieties are common in female and in male

20.                        mention the difference between male and female pelvis considering following points ---

·        size and shape

·         bony characters,

·        subpubic angle,

·        sacrum,

·        ischial spine

Lumbar vertebra: short questions for viva

Lumbar vertebra

1.     Features of typical and atypical lumbar vertebra

2.     Contents of 1^st and 2^nd lumbar vertebral canal

3.     Lower part of 1^st lumbar vertebra : important relations

4.     Tell vertebral level of following structures

·        Termination of abdominal aorta

·        Formation of IVC

·        Duodenum

·        Highest points of iliac crest

5.     Attachment of –

·        thoraco-lumbar fascia on lumber vertebra

·        psoas major muscle,

·        rt and lt crus of the diaphragm

6.     Difference between cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebra considering following topics

7.     Body of verterbra / spinous process/ transverse process/ special point for cervical . thoracic and lumbar vertebra

8.     Parts of intervertebral disc : what types of cartilage it is? What are the parts of it?

9.     Tell the development of vertebra

10.            Tell the development of nucleus pulposus . 

Short questions on sacrum: helpful for study in short time

Short questions on Sacrum

1.     Anatomical points

a)        Identify

b)        base,

c)         apex,

d)       surfaces,

e)         body,

f)         vertebral foramen,

g)        pedicles,

h)       laminae,

i)           spinous process,

j)          transverse process,

k)        ala of sacrum,

l)          pelvic sacral foramina,

m)     dorsal sacral foramina,

n)       median, intermediate & lateral sacral crest ,

o)       sacral hiatus and cornua

2.     Relation of ala of sacrum and pelvic surface of sacrum

3.     Muscles and ligament of sacrum

4.     Structure passing through

·        pelvic sacral foramina,

·        dorsal sacral foramina,

·        sacral canal,

·        sacral hiatus

5.     Difference between male and female sacrum

Topics	Male sacrum	Female sacrum
Length
Wide
Concavity of pelvic surface
Muscular impressions
Weight

Short questions on hip bones : helpful for study in short time

Short questions of hip bone

i)                   Anatomical point

Iliac crest lies upward

Acetabulum lies laterally

Anterior  superior  iliac spine and pubic tubercle lies in same coronal plane

Ischial spine and pubic crest lies in same horizontal plane

Pubis symphysis lies in median plane

ii)                Parts of hip bone :

Ilium

Pubis

Ishchium

iii)              Ossification of hip bone :

iv)              Ligaments of hip bone:

inguinal ligament : attachment

sacrospinous: attachment

 sacrotuberous ligament: attachment

ligament of the head of the femur: attachment   

v)                What are the structures passing under the inguinal ligament?

Muscles:

Vessels:

Nerves:

vi)              Foramen related to hip bone:

·        obturator foramen: ………….. nerve and vessels

·        obturator artery is the branch of ……………. artery

·        how greater  and lesser sciatic notches are  converted into foramen and what are the structures passage through them ?

·        which structures of lesser sciatic foramen enter into pudendal canal

·        pudendal canal : location and content

·        pudendal nerve: root value / branches / innervations

vii)           Joints of hip bone and their types

viii)         Formation of acatabulum

Parts of ilium:

 Identify following areas of ilium  and study their attachment

a.     Attachment of  the iliac crest,

b.     Attachment  iliac tubersity,

c.      Attachment of anterior  inferior and superior iliac spine,

d.     Attachment and content  of iliac fossa,

e.      Attachment of gluteal surface and

f.       Attachment of posterior superior iliac spine and posterior inferior iliac spine

Parts of ishchium.

·        Identify following areas and study their attachment –

a.     Attachment of  ishchial tuberosity, 

b.     attachment of Ischial spine,

c.      relation of Ischial spine  

d.    attachment of ishchio-pubis ramus:

medial   to lateral :

                                                                               i.            fascia lata and colles fascia

                                                                             ii.            ischiocavernosus and superficial transverse perinea muscle

                                                                          iii.            perineal membrane

                                                                          iv.            sphincter urethrae and deep transverse perinea

                                                                             v.            inferior fascia of urogenital diaphram

                                                                          vi.            obturator internus

what is urogenital diaphragm : it is formed by sphincter urethrae and deep transverse perinea muscles  

e.      what do you mean by hamstring group of muscle , mention their common character

                                 Parts of pubis –

                   Identify following areas and study their attachment-

a.     Attachment of anterior surface of body of pubis:

Ans: adductor longus  

b.     Attachment of posterior surface of body of pubis :

Ans:  levator ani muscles /

Attachment of levator ani muscle :

Ans: origin :

i)       middle of the posterior surface of body of pubis,

ii)    obturator fascia and

iii)  ischial spine

Insertion : ……………..

Nerve supply:…………….

Action : ………………

How pelvis diaphragm is formed :

Ans: by levator ani muscle and coccygeus muscles

Relation of pos surface of body of pubis:

Ans:upper part is related to urinary bladder  

c.      Attachement sites of pectineus

d.     Attachment and relation of pubic tubercle :

Ans:  medial end of inguinal ligament

Relation : in male : it is crossed by spermatic fascia

In female it is cross by round ligament of uterus

e.      Attachment of pubic crest

f.       Superior ramus of pubis – attachment of pectineal line and pectineal surface

g.     Inferior ramus of pubis –attachment –

medial to lateral –

gracilis,

adductor brevis ,

adductor magnus,

obturator externus 

Differences between male and female hip bone

Topics	Male hip bone	Female hip bone
Ischial spine
Obturator foramen