Sternum : handout with important questions

Sternum

1.     Parts of sternum

2.     Anatomical point of menubrium sterni and body of sternum 

3.     Muscular  attachment of menubrium

4.     Posterior relation of menubrium:

·        lower half: arch of aorta &

·        upper half : braches of arch of aorta & left brachiocephalic vein

5.     Clinical importance of menubrium : bone marrow collection

6.     Importance of jugular notch ; can be measure thickness of menubrium sternea so niddle can adjust for sterna puncture

7.     Importance of sternal angle, its vertebral level,

8.     How can you  divide superior  mediastinum from  inferior  mediastinum

9.     Body of sternum :

·        Muscular attachment

·        Pos relation of sternum :

·         rt half : rt pleura &

·        Left half : upto 4^th costal cartilage left pleura,area below 4^th costal cartilage related to pericardium

10.                              Muscular attachment of xiphoid process

11.                               Ossification of sternum : intra cartilaginous

12.                               Joints related to sternum : mention the type of joint

·        1^st chondrosternal joint

·        2^nd to 7^th chordrosternal joint

·        Menubriosternal joint

·        Xiphisternal joint 

Typical rib and 1st rib : short questions for oral examination

Ribs :  What is true rib, false rib, typical rib, atypical rib, floating ribs?  

Typical rib:

1.      Anatominal points of typical rib

a) Anterior end bear a cup shaped depression lies away from the median plane and lies below the posterior end 

b) Postrior  end bear head neck & tubercle lies near to median plane and above the anterior end

c) Costal groove lies inferiorly

2.      Parts of typical rib

3.      Show the attachment of external intercostals, internal intercostals and intercostalis intimi

4.      Mention the Content of costal groove

5.      How spinal nerve is formed ?

6.      What do you mean by intercostals nerve : they are ventral rami of upper 11 thoracic spinal nerves

7.      Ossification of ribs : intracartilaginous

8.      Morphological types of bone: flat bone.

9.      Joint : costocondral jt : type : primary cartilaginous jt (temporary jt , it is converted into bone)

10.  Costovertebral jt: sup costovertebral jt articulate with ……………..vertebra and  Inf costovertebral jt articulate with …………vertebra

11.  costotransverse jt :Type:  plane variety of synovial jt

 1^st rib:

1.      Anatomical point with side determination

2.      Why it is atypical: no twist, no costal groove,........................

3.      External features:

4.      Superior surface: two grooves present: what are the  structures related to these grooves?

5.      Attachment of scalenus ant, subclavius and scalenus medius muscle

6.      Attachment of inf surface:

7.      Attachment of inner border: supra-pleural membrane (define, bony attachement of suprapleural membrane, functions)  

8.      Attachment of outer border: serratus ant 

9.      Ossification: intracartilaginous

10.  Morphological types of bone: flat bone.

11.  Joints: costochondral : primary cartilaginous jt

12.  costotransver jt and costovertebral jt : plane variety of synovial jt

13.  anterior relation of neck:  sympathelic trunk, sup intercostal a...........................................etc 

Handout on parietal bone : brief and easy description

Parietal bone

1.       Anatomical points:

·   Superior border is longest, thickest and serrated,

·   Superior border  lies in median plane

·    ** Anterior  inferior angle is acute and internally marked by groove for anterior  division of middle meningeal vessel 

2.       Morphological type : Flat bone

3.       Structure of bone : inner and outer table(compact bone )  and middle diploe (spongy bone)

4.       Ossification : intra membranous ossification

5.       Development : neural crest

6.       Parts:  identify

·         four borders:

a)       superior border : longest, thickest and serrated and internally marked by a sulcus known as sagittal sulcus which lodges superior sagittal sinus , Granular pit present side of sagittal sulcus which lodge arachnoid granulation

b)      inferior border irregular and serrated and internally marked by posterior division of middle meningeal artery (at the middle of inferior border )

c)       anterior and posterior border are straight and serrated

·         superior border is articulated with opposite parietal bone formed sagittal suture

·         Anterior border is articulated with frontal bone formed coranal suture

·         Posterior border is articulated with occipital bone formed lambdoid  suture

·         Inferior border is articulated with

a)      Greater wing of sphenoid bone

b)       Squamous part of temporal bone

c)        Petrous part of temporal bone .

·         What is pterion ?

·         Ans : union between four bones

a)      Frontal bone

b)      Anterior inferior angle of parietal bone

c)       Greater wing of sphenoid

d)      Squamous part of temporal bone  

e)      What is the importance of pterion ?

f)       Internal surface of pterion is lodged by anterior division of middle meningeal artery 

·         Four angles :

a)      Anterior superior angle forms bregma

b)      Posterior superior angle forms Lambda ( in children it is called pesterior frontanelle )

c)       Anterior inferior angle forms pterion and internally marked by groove for anterior division of middle meningeal artery

d)      Posterior inferior angle forms asterion and internally a groove present which lodges sigmoid sinus

External Surface of parietal bone :

·         parietal tuberosity : maximum transverse diameter of skull measures by these points

·         Superior and inferior temporal line

Internal surfaces of parietal bone :

·         impression of sulci and gyri of cerebrum

·         impression of anterior division of middle meningeal artery at internal surface of anterior inferior angle

·         impression of posterior division of middle meningeal artery at middle of inferior border

·         sagittal sulcus near the superior border

·         sulcus for sigmoid sinus near the posterior inferior angle

7.       Identify the groove for middle meningeal vessels: identify, origin of middle meningeal vessels,

8.       Through which opening, middle meningeal vessel is enter into cranial cavity? 

Ans: Foramen spinosum

Frontal bone : short questions with answer (short review)

Frontal bone

1.       Anatomical points:

·   Squamous part of frontal bone lies vertically

·   Orbital plates are directed downward and horizontally

·   Nasal spine is directed downward and forward

2.       Morphological type: pneumatic flat bone   

3.       Structure of bone : Frontal bone is formed by inner and outer table (compact bone) and middle diploe (sgongy bone)

4.       Ossification : intramembranous ossification (it is ossify from membrane )

5.       Development : Neural crest ( derived from ectoderm)

6.       Parts:  Identify

·         Squamous part:

-          External surface of squamous part : Frontal tuberosity / supercilliary arch / supraorbital margin/ superobital notch or foramen / glabella

-          Internal surface of squamous part : impression for cerebral sulci and gyri / sagittal sulcus or groove for superior sagittal sinus / frontal crest / foramen caecum

·         Orbital part                                                                                                                                              

·         Zygomatic processes

·         Nasal notch : name of the bones articulate with nasal notch

·         Right side (from medial to lateral ) right nasal bone,  right frontal process of maxilla and right lacrimal bone

·         Left side (from medial to lateral ) left nasal bone,  left frontal process of maxilla and left lacrimal bone                                                                                                                                             

·         Ethmoidal notch:  name of the bone articulate with ethmoidal notch?

·          Ethmoid notch is situated in between two orbital plates and articulated by cibriform plate of ethmoid

1.       What is metopic suture?

Ans: developmentally frontal bone is derived from two segment , later join in mid line . in 9% cases a suture may persist at median plane and inferiorly . It is sometime associated with frontal sinus agenesis and hypoplasia

2.        coronal suture: which bones forms this suture

Ans : in front frontal bone behind right and left parietal bone

3.       Foramen related to this bone and structure passing through it

Ans: foramen caecum : transmit an emissary vein from nasal mucosa to superior sagittal sinus

Supra orbital foramen or notch : transmits supra orbital nerve and vessel

4.       Show lacrimal fossa, what structure lodge within it:

 Ans : lacrimal gland

5.       Nerve supply of lacrimal gland

Ans: lacrimal nerve

Systemic embryology : Skeletal system: MCQs on the basis of langman’s medical embryology book

Systemic embryology :

Skeletal system on the basis of langman’s medical embryology book

Mcqs

Questions

1.      Skeletal system develops from

a)     Paraaxial mesoderm ,Surface ectoderm ,Endoderm

b)    Paraaxial mesoderm, Neural crest, Lateral plate mesoderm

c)      Neural crest ,Surface ectoderm ,Endoderm

d)     Paraaxial mesoderm ,Surface ectoderm , intermediated mesoderm

e)     e) Paraaxial mesoderm , neuroectoderm ,Endoderm

2.  Mesenchyme mean

a) fetal connective tissue

 b) mesenchyme have capacity to formed muscle

 c) mesenchyme always originate from mesoderm

d) mesenchyme of head and neck region originate from surface ectoderm

e) mesenchyme is devoid of cells

3. vertebral column and ribs develops from

a) somites

 b) lateral plate mesoderm

 c) neural crest

d) intermediate mesoderm

 e) endoderm

4. Bone and connective tissue and muscles of limb develops from

a) endoderm , ectoderm

b) neural crest and endoderm

 c) lateral plate mesoderm and somites

d) neural crest and somites

e) lateral plate mesoderm and neural crest

5) ossification center develops in a cartilaginous model means : membranous ossification / endochondral ossification

6. AER --controls anterioposterior patterning of limb/ regulates limb outgrowth/ rotation of limb

7. Amelia means-- partially formed limb / absence of limb/ deformed limb

8. polydactyly means-- fused finger/ small sized finger/ extra finger

9. Congenital hip dislocation common in female / male

10. Occipital somites and somitomere  contritubes to formation of cranial vault and base of the skull: true / false 

Answers:

2.     Skeletal system develops from

a)     Paraaxial mesoderm ,Surface ectoderm ,Endoderm

b)    Paraaxial mesoderm, Neural crest, Lateral plate mesoderm

c)      Neural crest ,Surface ectoderm ,Endoderm

d)     Paraaxial mesoderm ,Surface ectoderm , intermediated mesoderm

e)     e) Paraaxial mesoderm , neuroectoderm ,Endoderm

2.  Mesenchyme mean

a) fetal connective tissue

 b) mesenchyme have capacity to formed muscle

 c) mesenchyme always originate from mesoderm

d) mesenchyme of head and neck region originate from surface ectoderm

e) mesenchyme is devoid of cells

3. vertebral column and ribs develops from

a) somites

 b) lateral plate mesoderm

 c) neural crest

d) intermediate mesoderm

 e) endoderm

4. Bone and connective tissue and muscles of limb develops from

a) endoderm , ectoderm

b) neural crest and endoderm

 c) lateral plate mesoderm and somites

d) neural crest and somites

e) lateral plate mesoderm and neural crest

5) ossification center develops in a cartilaginous model means : membranous ossification / endochondral ossification

6. AER --controls anterioposterior patterning of limb/ regulates limb outgrowth/ rotation of limb

7. Amelia means-- partially formed limb / absence of limb/ deformed limb

8. polydactyly means-- fused finger/ small sized finger/ extra finger

9. Congenital hip dislocation common in female / male

10. Occipital somites and somitomere  contritubes to formation of cranial vault and base of the skull: true / false