Retromammary space

•      Retromammary space is a loose areolar tissue  that separates the breast from the

     pectoralis major muscle.

•      The retromammary space is often the site of breast implantation due to its location away from key nerves and structures that support the breast.

•      Clinical importance: Cancer cells spread through retromammary space. 

Identify retromammary space

1. Q. The retromammary space:
   lies deep to pectoralis major muscle
2. Lies superficial to deep layer of superficial fascia
3. Lies between  deep layer of superficial fascia to pectoral fascia Ans
4. Lies between  deep layer of superficial fascia to glandular tissue of breast
5. None of above 

Osteoblast with brief histological features

Osteoblast

Shape: cuboidal or polygonal , arranged in single layer, cytoplasm is basophilic leaving a clear area due to golgi complex, 

Location : Osteoblasts are exclusively located at the surfaces of bone tissue, side by side, in a way that resembles simple epithelium

Secretion of osteoblast :

1.      type I collagen

2.      bone matrix protein :

3.       osteocalcin ,

4.      osteonectin ,

5.      multiadhesive glycoprotein : sialoproteins I & II , osteopontin, thrombospondin and alkaline phosphatase

Functions : calcification of bone matrix 

Histological features of osteoblast :

1.      shape usually cuboidal or low columnar

2.      eccentrically placed oval nuclei

3.      basophilic cytoplasm

4.      white area within cytoplasm due to golgi complex 

Histology of Pineal body : easy and brief descriptions

Histology of Pineal body

The pineal body is a projection of the roof of the diencephalon. It is located in the brain above the superior colliculi.

Development : it is developed from neuroectoderm 

Histologically it has following parts

a)      Capsule : it is derived from pia mater . pia mater is thin collagenous connective tissue .

Septa(trabeculae)  arises from capsule divide the gland into incomplete lobules. The blood vessels and nerve  travel in the trabeculae to be distributed throughout the pineal body , providing it with rich vascular supply

b)     Parenchymal cells :

1.      Pinealocytes  : it is larger than neuroglial cells contain large, pale nuclei with prominent nuclei

Histology of vagina

Histology of vagina

The vagina is a fibromuscular tube that joins internal reproductive organs to the external environment . it extends from cervix of uterus to vestibule- the area between two labia minora . i

In a vargin the opening of vagina is surrounded by hymen – folds of muscous membrane, it is the remnant which derived from endodermal membrane

and it is the organ of copulation , it passage fetus during labour .

Histologically it has three  layers from inside to outside.

1.      Mucosa :

a)      Lining epithelium : non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Keratohyaline granules may be present in the epithelial cells

b)     Lamina propria : this layer composed of fibro-elastic connective tissue

which contain numerous blood vessels , it is the unique feature of vagina .

Vagina has no muscularis mucosa and submucosa

2.      Muscle layer : organized into two indistinct layers : outer longitudinal and inner circular . the outer longitudinal layer continuous with the corresponding layer of the uterus and much thicker than the inner layer . bulbospongiosus the skeletal muscle is present near the opening of vagina.

3.      Adventitia : it has two layers