Difference between Homozygous & Heterozygous

Difference between Homozygous & Heterozygous

Homozygous	Heterozygous
Homozygous : If an organism has two copies of the same allele, for example AA (mother gene contain information about black hair and father gene contain information about black hair) or aa,( mother gene contain information about brown hair and father gene contain information about brown hair)  it is homozygous for that trait.	Heterozygous:  If the organism has one copy of two different alleles, for example Aa ( mother gene contain information about black hair and father gene contain information about brown hair), it is heterozygous.
It has two type homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive Genotype AA (two dominant gene ) , aa (two recessive gene)	Genotype : Aa (one dominant gene and one recessive gene)
They have similar alleles(AA Or aa)  for a trait	They have different alleles for a trait
Contain either dominant (AA) or recessive(aa)  alleles but not both types (Aa)	Contain both dominant and recessive alleles (Aa)
Only one type of gemate is formed either A or a	Two types of gemmates are formed A & a

Difference between totipotent, pluripotent & multipotent stem cells

Somatic cells of body : types

Somatic cells of body  are three types:

•      Permanent cells: they do not divide in post natal life (after birth) . Ex: neuron

•       Labile cells are cells that multiply constantly throughout life. ex: epidermis of skin(replace within one month) , intestinal epithelium(replace daily) ,

•      Stable cells are cells that multiply only when needed. Ex : liver, skeletal muscle

Cells of human body: somatic and germ cells

Cells of human body

1. Somatic cells
2. Germ cells

Somatic cells of body  are three types:

•      Permanent cells: they do not divide in post natal life (after birth) . Ex: neuron

•       Labile cells are cells that multiply constantly throughout life. ex: epidermis of skin(replace within one month) , intestinal epithelium(replace daily) ,

•      Stable cells are cells that multiply only when needed. Ex : liver, skeletal muscle

Germ cells: are two types male and female germ cells

Female germ cell : Oocyte: the female germ or sex cell produced in the ovaries

•      Immature female germ cells : Oogonia/ Diploid /Chromosome number: 46 ( 44 autosomes+ XX)/At intrauterine life, they increase their number by mitosis  

•      Mature female germ cells: Ovum ( mature oocyte ) / Haploid/Chromosome number: 23 (22 autosomes + X) / After puberty upto menopouse, only one ovum is produced by meiosis in each month

Male germ cell:  Sperm: the male germ cell produced in the testes.

•      Immature male germ cells :  Spermatogonia /Diploid /Chromosome number: 46 ( 44 autosomes+ XY)/ At  puberty they start to increase their number by mitosis  and continued until death

•      Mature male germ cells : Spermatozoa / Haploid / Chromosome number: 23 (22 autosomes + X Or  22 autosomes + Y) / At  puberty they start to increase their number by meiosis &  continued until death

Autonomic plexuses related with lumbar splanchnic nerves

Autonomic plexuses related with lumbar splanchnic nerves

  1^st lumbar splanchnic nerve give fibers to the :

•       coeliac , renal , inter-mesenteric  and inferior mesenteric plexuses

2^nd  lumbar splanchnic nerve give fibers to the

•       Inferior mesenteric plexus

3^rd   lumbar splanchnic nerve give fibers to the

•       Inferior mesenteric plexus

•       Superior hypogastric plexus

4^th   lumbar splanchnic nerve give fibers to the

•       inferior mesenteric plexuses

•       Superior hypogastric plexus 

 Lumbar sympathetic system innervates  :

Innervate pelvic viscera (ex: Bladder neck, Vas deferens,Prostate)  and vasculature.  

Clinical anatomy :

•       Damage to lumbar splanchnic nerves  during aortoiliac surgery can result in sexual dysfunction.

Collateral ganglion related with lumbar splanchnic nerves

Collateral ganglion related with lumbar splanchnic nerves 

  Preganglionic sympathetic fibres of Lumbar splanchnic nerves  are synapse with postganglionic neuron present within the inferior mesenteric ganglion .

General visceral afferent fibres of lumbar splanchnic nerves are passes through the inferior mesenteric ganglion