Verumontanum or seminal colliculus : easy and brief description

Verumontanum is translated from Latin to mean 'mountain ridge
Verumontanum or  seminal colliculus  is a median elevation situated within the posterior wall of prostatic  urethra.
It is used as landmark of prostatic urethra during different laparoscopic procedure
.Embryologically, it is derived from the uterovaginal primordium.
The landmark is important in classification of several urethral developmental disorders.
Relation of verumontanum :
Median portion of verumontanum is elevated receive three opening
One opening of prostatic utricle at the centra
Two opening of ejaculatory duct on the two side of opening of prostatic utricle
Urethral crest: it is situated at the upper part of verumontanum , near the neck of urinary bladder.
Urethral sinus: it is situated in the lateral side of the verumontanum with receive several opening of prostatic gland

Clinical features  Verumontanum mucosal hyperplasia

• The presence of verumontanum mucosa gland hyperplasia is an asymptomatic morphologic variant of the glands underlying the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra

Diagnosis

• Can be identified in TURP specimens or in needle biopsies of the prostate

Treatment

• Not required

Microscopic (histologic) description

• Crowded small acinar proliferation, usually arranged in a well circumscribed nodule
• The glands can have intraluminal concretions that vary in color from orange to gray or green
• May be seen underlying the urethral urothelium

Differential diagnosis

• Verumontanum mucosal gland hyperplasia (VMGH), when present in a prostate needle biopsy, could be mistaken for low grade prostatic adenocarcinoma (Gleason pattern 3)
• The lobular architecture and the presence of basal cells are features to differentiate it from Gleason pattern 3 cancer
• Another helpful feature is the presence of corpora amylacea or the orange-grey-green concretions that are features of VMGH and not of prostatic carcinoma
• Occasionally, it can present with a papillary architecture simulating prostatic duct adenocarcinoma
• In contrast to prostatic duct carcinoma, the cells in VMGH are more cuboidal and without nuclear atypia

Identifying point of histological slide of Smooth muscle

Smooth muscle 

Slide identification

1.      Centrally placed single flat nucleus 

Shape  of cell: spindle shape

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Identifying point of histological slide of cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle 

Slide identification 

1.      Centrally placed single nucleus

2.      Branching present  

3.      Shape of cells : short, cylindrical 

Histological features of higher magnification: 

1.      Cross striation present 

2.      Intercalated disc is present 

it 

Identifying point of histological slide of skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle : slide identification under microscope 

1.      Peripherally placed multiple nucleus 

2.      Shape of cells: long, cylindrical 

3.      No branching present 

Histological features of higher magnification: 

Cross striation present

Principles of teratology : lecture notes of embryology

Principles of Teratology: ( capacity of an agent to produce birth defects)

1. Susceptibility to teratogenesis depends on the genotype of the conceptus
2. Susceptibility to teratogens varies with the developmental stage at the time of exposure
3. Manifestations of abnormal development  depend on dose and duration of exposure to a teratogen
4. Teratogens act in specific ways on developing cells to initiate abnormal embryogenesis
5. Manifestations of abnormal development are death, malformation, growth retardation & functional disorders