Important SAQs of head and neck for 1st professional MBBS examination

Head & Neck (SAQ)

1.      Give the boundary and contents of middle cranial cavity

2.      Give the boundary and content of orbital cavity

3.      Mention type and peculiarities of temporomandibular joint

4.      Name the muscles of mastication and give their attachment and nerve supply

5.      What is scalp? Draw and label the different layers of scalp. Which layers is dangerous and why?

6.      Mention the arrangement, distribution and attachment of investing layers of deep cervical fascia.

7.      Trace the pathway of tear. what do you mean by epiphorea and lacrimation.

8.      Give origin insertion, nerve supply and action of sternocledomastoid and trapezeus.

9.      Give the boundary and content of posterior/sub occipital triangle.

10.  What are the relation and content of cavernous sinus.Give the morphology and blood supply of thyroid gland.

11.  Give the formation and content of carotid sheath.

12.  Give the content of vertebral canal

13.  Name the extrinsic and intrinsic muscle of the eye with their innervation.

14.  Give the branches of Common carotid/ Internal carotid/ external carotid/ Subclavian artery.

15.  Name the muscles attached to the styloid process of temporal bone with their nerve supply.

16.  what do you mean by i) Spina bifida ii) Ananchepaly iii) Hydrochephalous.

17.  Short notes on i) Vertebral artery ii) 1^st cervical artery iii) Cavernous sinus v) Little’s area.

18.  Give the extension and draw and label the internal feature of larynx with its nerve supply

19.  Give the formation nerve supply and blood supply of nasal septum.

20.  Give the nerve supply of the tongue according to its developmental background

21.  How the waldeyer’s ring is formed. give the boundary of pyriform fossa with its clinical importance.

22.  Give the boundary and content of middle ear cavity

23.  What are the parts of internal ear? Give the morphological feature of tympanic membrane.

24.  Draw and label the structure of organ of corti.

Scalp

1. Name the different layers of scalp. Mention its nerve supply and blood supply
2. Define scalp. Which layer of the scalp is more important clinically and why ?
3. Why arrest of bleeding is delayed in scalp injury .

Muscle

Give the origin insersion and nerve supply of the lateral pterygoid

Give the origin insersion and nerve supply of the muscles of mastication

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Blood supply

Describe the venous drainage of face with clinical importance

Nerve

1. Enumerate the nuclei and functional component of facial nerve . what is Bell’s palsy 
2. Write down the nerve supply of the face on the developmental background

Lacrimal apparatus

1. Write about location and nerve supply of lacrimal glands .trace the pathway of tears 
2. Give the secretomotor innervation of lacrimal gland
3. SN: lacrimal apparatus . clinical importance

Orbit

1. Give location, relation, connection and structure supply by ciliary ganglion
2. Give the boundaries and content of orbits
3. Give the nerve supply and action of the extraocular muscle. Give the effects  of occulomotor nerve paralysis on these muscles

Parotid region

 Name the structures embedded in parotid gland. Give the nerve supply and location of parotid gland

Parotid duct

Anterior triangle of the neck

1. Write the histology development and blood supply of thyroid gland. Mention the congenital anomalies of  the thyroid gland
2. Write the steps of the dissection of the anterior triangle
3. Mention the branches from different parts of subclavian artery
4. Write the subdivision of anterior triangle of the neck
5. Why thyroid swelling moves with deglutition
6. Carotid triangle

Posterior triangle:

1. Give the arrangement and attachment of investing layer of deep cervical fascia . give the formation  and contents of the carotid sheath
2. Write the steps of dissection of posterior triangle
3. Give the boundaries and contents of posterior triangles of neck
4. Name the different layer of deep cervical fascia and give attachment and distribution of later of deep cervical fascia
5. SN: external jugular vein

Suboccipital triangle

Write the boundaries and content of suboccipital triangle

Give the steps of dissection of suboccipital triangles

Mouth:

1. Mention the muscles of soft palate with their nerve supply & action. Explain embryologically formation of cleft palate. 4+3(jan- 05)
2. What do you mean by waldeyers  ring? Give the location & histological structure of palatine tonsil. Blood supply & development of palatine tonsil.
3. S/N – Cleft palate. 1.5
4. How soft palate is formal? What is its role of swallowing.
5. S/N- Soft palate with its clinical importance.
6. Give the development & congenital malformation of permanent palate.

Tongue:

1. Give the development of the tongue. Explain its nerve supply on the basis of its development .
2. Mention lymphatic drainage of tongue. Explain tongue tie. 3+1
3. Name the muscles of the tongue. Give the motor & sensory supply of tongue.

Pharynx:

1. Give the different parts of pharynx with their extension.
2. Write a note on nasopharynx.

Nose & Para nasal sinuses:

1. Give the formation of nasal septum. Give its lining epithelium, blood supply & nerve supply.
2. What is the clinical importance of Little’s area.
3. Give the different part of vasal cavity.
4. Name the structures opening into the lateral wall of vassal caviry. Give the arterial vassal wall.
5. What is mucoperiosteum?
6. Name the paranasal air sinuses & mention their sides of drainage. How the maxillary hiatus closed.
7. Give the anatomical features of maxillary air sinus. How ‘maxillary hiatus’is reduced in articulated skull?

Larynx:

1. Mention extension & interior of larynx . Give its nerve supply.
2. Enumerate the ‘functional component’s of vagus nerve.
3. Mention the lining epithelium & nerve supply of larynx.
4. Name the cartilages of larynx. Give the boundary & clinical importance of piriform recess.
5. What are the effects of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis.

Vertebral column & deep dissection of the back:

1. S/N- i) Vertebral artery.  

              ii) Peripheral parasympathetic ganglia.

2. Write about the vertebral artery e its clinical importance
3. How spinal nerve is formal? Discuss a typical spinal nerve.
4. S/N- i) Origin, insertion, nerve supply & action of Trapezium.

               ii) External jugular vein.

5. Give the structure & development of intervertebral dise. Mention its clinical im

Joint of the head & neck:

1. Mention the type of joints & their movements between 1^st & 2^nd cervical vertebrae. How hanging causes immediate death?
2. Describe temporomendibular joint. Why it is called atypical synovial joint?
3. Mention the different atlatoaxial joints & their movements. What might be the effect due to rupture of transverse cervical ligment.
4. What is frontanalle? Mention the location & time of fusion of different frontanalle.
5. Write down the contents of vertebral canal. Give Clinical importance of intervertebral  venous plexus.

Organ of hearing & equilibrium:

1. Give the components of membranous labyrinth. Give the structure of organ of corti. Crista ampullarius & muculae.
2. Give the boundaries & contents of middle ear cavity.
3. Give the parts of internal ear. Write down about organ of corti.
4. Describe briefly the tympanic membrane.

Pituitary gland:

1. Give the development & histological structure of pituitary gland.
2. Describe the blood supply of hypophysis cerebri.

Embryology related to head & neck:

1. Give the derivatives of different pharyngeal pouches.
2. Give the derivatives of 1^st & 2^nd pharyngeal arches. What is pharyngeal apparatus.
3. What do you mean by branchial arch, pharyngeal pouches & pharyngeal cleft.
4. Give the derivaties of neural crest.  

Easy and brief description of non-disjunction

Non-disjunction

Definition: Non- disjunction occurs in cell division when chromosomes do not divide properly.

 Normally, when a cell divides, the chromosomes line up in an orderly way and then separate from each other before cell division.

When these chromosomes fail to separate properly, non-disjunction has occurred

 The resulting daughter cells have an incorrect number of chromosomes;

one may have too many, while another may have too few.

This causes problems in cell function because a cell cannot function normally without the right amount of chromosomes.

In  Mitosis

Each chromosome is composed of two identical sister chromatids. During the anaphase stage, these chromatids normally separate, and one chromatid goes into each daughter cell. However, when nondisjunction occurs, the chromatids do not separate. The result is that one cell receives both chromatids, while the other cell receives neither.  when mitosis is complete; one cell has an extra chromosome, while the other is missing one.

In Meiosis I, a pair of homologous chromosomes does not separate due to non-disjunction.

So the resulting cells, one cell has two copies of a chromosome, while the other cell has no copies. The four total cells produced will all have chromosomal abnormalities.

In  Meiosis II, like mitosis;  a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly so  one daughter cell will have an extra chromosome and one daughter cell will be missing a chromosome.

 

 

Perineal body : easy and brief description

Perineal body :

Definition: Perineal body, also known as the central tendon of perineum, is a pyramidal fibromuscular mass situated in the middle of the junction of urogenital triangle and anal triangle.

Relations:

It is lies in the subcutanous tissue.

Posterior to.vestible.

Anteriorly it is bend with perineal membrane .

It is situated at the midpoint of line between  ischial tuberosities.

The location of perineal body is different in males and females.

 In males, it is found between the bulb of the penis and the anus

 while in females, it is found between the vagina and the anus.

It provides attachment to the following muscles:

• External anal sphincter muscle
• Bulbospongiosus muscle
• Superficial transverse perineal muscle
• Levator ani muscle (anterior fibers)
• External urinary sphincter
• Deep transverse perineal muscle
• 
  

Function:

1.   Perineal body is essential for the integrity of the pelvic floor, especially in females. 

2.   Gives attachment of perineal muscles

3.   It gives visceral support especially in female

Clinical anatomy :

Its rupture during vaginal birth leads to widening of the gap between the anterior free borders of levator ani muscle of both sides, thus predisposing the woman to prolapse of the uterus, rectum, or even the urinary bladder.

Sphincter urethrae / external urethral sphincter: easy and brief description

Sphincter urethrae / external urethral sphincter

The female or male external sphincter muscle of urethra (sphincter urethrae): located in the deep perineal pouch, at the bladder's distal inferior end in females, and inferior to the prostate (at the level of the membranous urethra) in males. It is a secondary sphincter to control the flow of urine through the urethra. Unlike the internal sphincter muscle, the external sphincter is made of skeletal muscle, therefore it is under voluntary control of the somatic nervous system

Females do have a more elaborate external sphincter muscle than males as it is made up of three parts: the sphincter urethrae, urethrovaginal muscle, and the compressor urethrae. The urethrovaginal muscle fibers wrap around the vagina and urethra and contraction leads to constriction of both the vagina and the urethra. The origin of the compressor urethrae muscle is the right and left inferior pubic ramus and it wraps anteriorly around the urethra so when it contracts it squeezes the urethra against the vagina. The external urethrae, like in males, wraps solely around the urethra

Function: The external urethral sphincter provides voluntary control of urination.

Prostatic utricle : brief description with clinical anatomy

Urethral crest

Urethral crest

Upon the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra is a narrow longitudinal ridge, the urethral crest (verumontanum), formed by an elevation of the mucous membrane and its subjacent tissue. 

 In females, it is known as the crista urethralis femininae, and is a conspicuous longitudinal fold of mucosa on the posterior wall of the urethra

The urethral crest is an anatomical feature present in the urinary system of both males and females. 

In males, the urethral crest is known as the crista urethralis masculinae, or the crista phallica, and is a longitudinal fold on the posterior wall of the urethr extending from the uvula of the bladder through the prostatic urethra

length: It is from 15 to 17 mm. in length, and about 3 mm. in height, and contains muscular and erectile tissue. 

Function: When distended, it may serve to prevent the passage of the semen backward into the bladder