Articulated skeleton of foot: all viva questions

Articulated skeleton of foot: all viva questions

1.       Anatomical  points:

·         1^st metatarsal is shortest and thickest and lies medially

·         Tarsal bones are lies posteriorly

·         Phalanges lie anteriorly

·         Superior surface of talus is directed upwards

2.       Morphological type : tarsal: short bone metatarsal and phalanges : miniature short bone (why call miniature short bone : because it has one epiphysis)

3.       Parts of metatarsal and phalanges bone : base,  shaft and head

4.       1^st metatarsal and all phalanges : epiphysis present at the base

5.       2^nd to 5^th metatarsal : epiphysis present at the head

6.       Ossification  of Articulated skeleton of foot: intra cartilaginous ossification

7.         Identify tarsal bone

8.       Show attachment of following muscles with origin, action and nerve supply :

 tibialis ant and pos , peroneus longus and brevis, FHL,FDL,tendoachilis- how it is formed 

 

Ankle joint	Type: hinge variety of synovial joint Innervation: sural, tibial, saphenous, deep fibular nerves Muscles: tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion), gastrocnemius (plantar flexion)
Inferior (distal) tibial joint	Type : syndesmosis variety of fibrous joint  Muscles: no muscles act on this joint
**Talocalcaneal joint or subtalar joint	Type : plane type of synovial joint Muscles: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, gastrocnemius, soleus (inversion); fibularis longus, fibularis tertius, fibularis brevis (eversion)
Talocalcaneonavicular joint	Type: ball and socket type of synovial joint Muscles:  tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, gastrocnemius, soleus (inversion); fibularis longus, fibularis tertius, fibularis brevis (eversion)
Calcaneocuboid joint	Type : saddle type of synovial joint Muscles: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, gastrocnemius, soleus (inversion); fibularis longus, fibularis tertius, fibularis brevis (eversion)
Naviculocuneiform joint	Type : compound joint Muscles: fibularis longus and brevis, tibialis anterior and posterior (gliding, rotation)
Cuboideonavicular joint	Type : syndesmosis variety of fibrous joint Muscles: fibularis longus and brevis, tibialis anterior and posterior (gliding, rotation)
Intercuneiform and cuneocuboid joints	Muscles: Muscles: fibularis longus and brevis, tibialis anterior and posterior (gliding, rotation)
Tarsometatarsal joint	Type : plane variety of synovial joint Muscles: short and long extensors of the toe (flexion, extension);  tibialis anterior, fibularis longus (abduction, rotation)
Intermetatarsal	Plane variety of synovial joint
Metatarsophalangeal	Type : ellipsoid variety of synovial joint Muscles:  flexor digitorum brevis, lumbricales, interossei (flexion);  flexor hallucis longus and brevis (extension);  abductor hallucis, plantar interossei (abduction); adductor hallucis, dorsal interossei, abductor digiti minimi (adduction)
Interphalangeal joints	Type : hinge variety of synovial joint Muscles: flexor digitorum longus and brevis (flexion);  extensor digitorum longus and brevis (extension)

 

1.       Subtalar jt , very important ( muscles producing movement )

2.       Related questions :

3.       What is arch?

4.       How medial and lateral  longitudinal arches are formed ?

5.       How anterior and posterior  transverse arches are formed ?

6.       Factors maintaining the arches of foot

                                             

 

 

Bony pelvis: viva questions

 

Bony pelvis: viva questions

Anatomical points

1.      Anterior superior iliac spine and upper part of pubic symphysis lie in the same coronal  plane

2.      Pubis symphysis lies horizontally

3.      The tip of the coccyx and upper part of pubic symphysis lie in same horizontal plane

|Formation of pelvis : two hip bones, sacrum and coccyx

Joint of pelvis :

Pubic symphysis : secondary cartilaginous joint

Sacroiliac joint : plane variety of synovial joint

Divisions of pelvis : greater(false pelvis )  and lesser pelvis (true )

Why greater pelvis is known as false pelvis: it has no body boundary in front

Why lesser pelvis is known as true pelvis: it has complete body boundary

Q. Trace the pelvic inlet and outlet

Q. Content of pelvis in male and female

Q: How pelvic outlet is covered in living body ?

In front by urogenital diaphragm and behind pelvic diaphragm

Q: What is urogenital diaphragm :

 It is formed by deep transverse perinea muscle and sphincter urethrae muscle

Q: What is pelvic diaphragm

It is formed by levator ani and coccygeus muscle

Show the Diameters of pelvis :

Pelvic inlet

	Antero-posterior diameter	Transverse diameter:	Oblique diameter:
Pelvic inlet	Measured between sacral promontory and symphysis pubis Upper border of pubic symphysis:  True or Anatomical conjugate Middle of pubic symphysis:  Obstetric conjugate (most important) Lower border of pubic symphysis: Diagonal conjugate	Maximum transverse diameter	Measured between the sacro-iliac (SI) joint and opposite ilio-pubic eminence
Pelvic cavity	Middle of S3 vertebra to the middle of the back of pubic symphysis	Widest distance across the lateral bony wall of the pelvic cavity	From the lower end of sacroiliac joint to the center of the opposite obturator membrane
Pelvic outlet	Antero-posterior diameters: From the lower border of symphysis pubis to – Anatomical: tip of coccyx Obstetric: tip of sacrum	Transverse diameters: diameter: between 2 ischial tuberosities	From the junction of the ischiopubic ramus to the middle of the opposite sacrotuberous ligament

 

Diameter of female pelvis

	Antero-posterior diameter	Transverse diameter:	Oblique diameter:
Pelvic inlet	11 cm	13	12
Pelvic cavity	12	12	12
Pelvic outlet	13	11	12

Diameter of different conjugate of  female   :

·         True or Anatomical conjugate: 11 cm

·         Obstetric conjugate (most important): 0.5 cm shorter than the true conjugate

·         Diagonal conjugate: 11.5 cm

Shape of pelvis

1.      Gynecoid (50%) – normal female pelvis

2.      Anthropoid (25%) – direct occipito-posterior position is most common in anthropoid pelvis

3.      Android (20%) – male type (face to pubes delivery, persistent occipito-posterior position, deep transverse arrest/non-rotation, dystocia-dystrophica syndrome are most common in android pelvis)

4.      Platypelloid (5%)

Difference between male and female pelvis

 

Topic	Male	Female
Shape of pelvic inlet	Heart shape	Oval
shape of pelvic caviy	conical and long ( long section of a cone)	short and cylindrical ( short section of a cylinder)
sub pubic angle	less , 55-60 degree	More, about  90 degree
ischial spine	inverted	everted
sacrum	longer and narrower	shorter and wider
Obturator foramen	Larger and oval and abruptly curve	Smaller and triangular, gradually curved

 

 

Summary of cranial dural sinuses

 Summary of cranial dural sinuses

Cranial dura has two layer : endoesteum layer and meningeal layer

The sinuses of the dura mater are venous channels which drain the blood from the brain;

They are situated between the two layers of the dura mater

They are devoid of valves, and and lined by endothelium but no smooth muscle cells layer.

Different types of dural venous sinus:

1. Pair: cavernous sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus etc.
2. unpair: superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus etc.

Superior sagittal sinus > right transverse sinus > right sigmoid sinus 

> right internal jugular vein

 Inferior sagittal sinus > straight sinus > left transverse sinus 

> left  sigmoid sinus > left internal jugular vein

 The cavernous sinuses are placed one on either side of the body of the 

sphenoid bone, extending from the superior orbital fissure to the apex of the

 petrous portion of the temporal bone.

 Medial wall (central part) is related to –

1. the internal carotid artery,
2. abducent nerve.

Lateral wall : is related to

1. the oculomotor
2. trochlear nerves,
3. the ophthalmic nerves
4. maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve  

The cavernous sinus : tributaries :

1. the superior ophthalmic vein
2. superior and inferior  petrosal sinus
3. pterygoid venous plexus veins
4. The two sinuses also communicate with each other by means of the anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses.

Sulcus (a bony impression)	Structure lodge on sulcus	Bone
Sagittal sulcus	Superior sagittal sinus	Frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone
Transverse sulcus	Transverse sinus	occipital bone
Sigmoid sulcus	Sigmoid sinus	Mastoid part of temporal bones

 

q. Identify the Suture :  coranal , sagittal, lamdoid suture

q:  Suture,  what type of joint: fibrous variety

Location of anterior and  posterior frontanelle and their time of closer

Anterior frontanelle : located in between coronal and sagittal suture close : 8–24 months after birth

Pos frontanelle : located in between coronal and lambdoid suture. close : 6–8 weeks after birth