Shoulder joint summary

Shoulder joint :

Articular surface: head of humerous and glenoid cavity of scapula

Nerve supply: axillary nerve, lateral pectoral nerve

Movement and responsible muscle:

Flexion: pectoralis major, deltois –ant fibres

Extension: deltoid- pos fibers, teres major

Abduction :deltoid – middle fibres

Adduction : pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi

Medial rotation: pectoralis major, deltois –ant fibres , subscapularis

Lateral rotation: infraspinatus

Why it is a weak joint?

ans: it is an unstable joint due to large head of humerous and shallow glenoid fossa

 How stability of joint is mainatain?

1. Glenoid labrum – a fibrocartilage rim increased the concavity of glenoid cavity
2. coracoacromial arch – prevent upward displacement
3. Rotator cuff – it is formed by tendon of subscapular, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor. It prevent lateral displacement
4. tendon of long head of biceps brachii- gives superior support
5. tendon of long head of triceps brachii- gives inferior support

However, this joint is least supported inferiorly.

Elbow

 

Summary of Joints of thoracic cage

Joints of thoracic cage :

Name of joint	Types
Sternoclavicular	Saddle variety of synovial joint
Costovertebral and costotransverse	Plane variety of synovial joint
Interchordral	Plane variety of synovial joint
Costoconchal	Primary cartilaginous joint
Xiphisternal	Primary cartilaginous joint
Sternocostal	1st sternocostal joint is primary cartilaginous jt 2nd to 7th joint are plane variety of synovial joint
Intervertebral	Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis )
Menubriosternal joint	Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis )

Vertebral column: viva questions

 

Vertebral column: viva questions 

Definition:

The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton which is formed by  a segmented series of bone: vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs

The vertebral column houses the spinal canal, a cavity that encloses and protects the spinal cord.

Number of vertebra form vertebral column: 33

Cervical vertebra : 7 , Thoracic vertebra : 12 , Lumbar vertebra : 5. Sacral vertebra: 5 , Coccygeal vertebra : 4

Function of vertebral column :

1.       It gives support to the trunk

2.       Provides articulation with ribs and pelvic bones

3.       Lodge and protects spinal cord

4.       Support and transmits body weight

Provides attachments of muscles and ligaments

Extension of the vertebral column:   From the skull to the apex of the coccyx

Content of vertebral canal:

From skull to lower border of the 1^st lumbar vertebra contain spinal cord , spinal meninges  and blood vessels

Below the lower border of 1^st lumbar vertebra : corda equina and filum terminalis (pia mater of meninges

 

Regions of vertebral column: it has four regions

Cervical region /Thoracic region/Lumbar region/Sacral region

Curvature of vertebra:

There are two types of curvature present in vertebral column  

 Primary curvature: the concavity  of curvature is directed forward.  Primary curvature is present in thoracic and sacral region 

Secondary curvature : the convexity of curvature is directed forward. Secondary curvature is present in cervical and lumbar region

 Parts of vertebra

Body and arch

Vertebral arches:

are formed by two pedicle, two lamina,

two superior articular process,

two inferior articular process,

 two transverse process and one spinal process 

Vertebral body :

It has six surfaces anterior , posterior , superior , inferior and two lateral surfaces .

two adjacent vertebral body is separated by intervertebral disc

Intervertebral foramen : when two vertebrae articulate with each other the inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above together with the superior vertebral notch of the vertebra below form intervertebral foramen

It is situated below the pedicle

Content : trunk of spinal nerve & vessels   

Intervertebral disc :

It is formed by fibrocartilage. It forms secondary cartilaginous joint which limited movement

Parts : it has outer annulus fibrosus & inner nucleus pulposus

 Number:

There are 23 discs in the human spine:

6 in the cervical region (neck),

12 in the thoracic region (middle back),

5 in the lumbar region (lower back).

Function of intervertebral disc:

·         The intervertebral disc functions to separate the vertebrae from each other

It acts as  shock-absorber

 

What is corda equine ?

It is the bundle of nerve roots of lower lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerve