Summary of pure sensory cranial nerve

Pure Sensory cranial nerve:  olfactory nerve, optic nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve (1, 2, 8)

Function of sensory nerve in short:

1. Olfactory nerve : carry smell
2. Optic nerve : responsible for vision
3. Vestibulocochlear nerve : vestibular part responsible for balance and cochlear nerve responsible for vision

No.	Sensory nerve	Component	Name of the opening through which nerve enter  into the cranium	Arises from
I	Olfactory nerve	SVA	Cribriform plate of ethmoid	Axon of olfactory nerve arises from the Olfactory  cells which are situated in the nasal mucosa
II	Optic nerve	SSA	Optic canal	Optic nerve fibres are arises from  the ganglionic cells of the retina
VIII	Vestibulocochlear  nerve	SSA	Internal acoustic meatus	Nerves are arises from inner ear (hair cells)

 

Important viva questions of Articulated skeleton of foot

 Articulated skeleton of foot

1.       Ana points:

·         1^st metatarsal is shortest and thickest and lies medially

·         Tarsal bones are lies posteriorly

·         Phalanges lie anteriorly

·         Superior surface of talus is directed upwards

 

2.       Morphological type : tarsal: short bone metatarsal and phalanges : miniature short bone (why call miniature short bone : because it has one epiphysis)

3.       Parts of metatarsal and phalanges bone : base,  shaft and head

4.       1^st metatarsal and all phalanges : epiphysis present at the base

5.       2^nd to 5^th metatarsal : epiphysis present at the head

6.       Ossification  of Articulated skeleton of foot: intra cartilaginous ossification

7.         Identify tarsal bone

8.       Show attachment of following muscles with origin, action and nerve supply :

 tibialis ant and pos , peroneus longus and brevis, FHL,FDL,tendoachilis- how it is formed 

1.       Show groove for FHL, peroneus longus

2.       Ligament :  deltoid and spring lig : show attachment on bones

1.       Which tarsal bone devoid of muscular attachment: talus  

2.       Joints  of articulated sk of foot–( articular surfaces, type, movement and muscle producing the movement)

Ankle joint	Type: hinge variety of synovial joint Innervation: sural, tibial, saphenous, deep fibular nerves Muscles: tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion), gastrocnemius (plantar flexion)
Inferior (distal) tibial joint	Type : syndesmosis variety of fibrous joint  Muscles: no muscles act on this joint
**Talocalcaneal joint or subtalar joint	Type : plane type of synovial joint Muscles: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, gastrocnemius, soleus (inversion); fibularis longus, fibularis tertius, fibularis brevis (eversion)
Talocalcaneonavicular joint	Type: ball and socket type of synovial joint Muscles:  tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, gastrocnemius, soleus (inversion); fibularis longus, fibularis tertius, fibularis brevis (eversion)
Calcaneocuboid joint	Type : saddle type of synovial joint Muscles: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, gastrocnemius, soleus (inversion); fibularis longus, fibularis tertius, fibularis brevis (eversion)
Naviculocuneiform joint	Type : compound joint Muscles: fibularis longus and brevis, tibialis anterior and posterior (gliding, rotation)
Cuboideonavicular joint	Type : syndesmosis variety of fibrous joint Muscles: fibularis longus and brevis, tibialis anterior and posterior (gliding, rotation)
Intercuneiform and cuneocuboid joints	Muscles: Muscles: fibularis longus and brevis, tibialis anterior and posterior (gliding, rotation)
Tarsometatarsal joint	Type : plane variety of synovial joint Muscles: short and long extensors of the toe (flexion, extension);  tibialis anterior, fibularis longus (abduction, rotation)
Intermetatarsal	Plane variety of synovial joint
Metatarsophalangeal	Type : ellipsoid variety of synovial joint Muscles:  flexor digitorum brevis, lumbricales, interossei (flexion);  flexor hallucis longus and brevis (extension);  abductor hallucis, plantar interossei (abduction); adductor hallucis, dorsal interossei, abductor digiti minimi (adduction)
Interphalangeal joints	Type : hinge variety of synovial joint Muscles: flexor digitorum longus and brevis (flexion);  extensor digitorum longus and brevis (extension)

 

3.       Subtalar jt , very important ( muscles producing movement )

4.       Related questions :

5.       What is arch?

6.       How medial and lateral  longitudinal arches are formed ?

7.       How anterior and posterior  transverse arches are formed ?

8.       Factors maintaining the arches of foot

                                              

 

Important viva questions of bony pelvis

 

Bony pelvis

Anatomical points

1.      Anterior superior iliac spine and upper part of pubic symphysis lie in the same coronal  plane

2.      Pubis symphysis lies horizontally

3.      The tip of the coccyx and upper part of pubic symphysis lie in same horizontal plane

|Formation of pelvis : two hip bones, sacrum and coccyx

Joint of pelvis :

Pubic symphysis : secondary cartilaginous joint

Sacroiliac joint : plane variety of synovial joint

Divisions of pelvis : greater(false pelvis )  and lesser pelvis (true )

Why greater pelvis is known as false pelvis: it has no body boundary in front

Why lesser pelvis is known as true pelvis: it has complete body boundary

Q. Trace the pelvic inlet and outlet

Q. Content of pelvis in male and female

Q: How pelvic outlet is covered in living body ?

In front by urogenital diaphragm and behind pelvic diaphragm

Q: What is urogenital diaphragm :

 It is formed by deep transverse perinea muscle and sphincter urethrae muscle

Q: What is pelvic diaphragm

It is formed by levator ani and coccygeus muscle

Show the Diameters of pelvis :

Pelvic inlet

	Antero-posterior diameter	Transverse diameter:	Oblique diameter:
Pelvic inlet	Measured between sacral promontory and symphysis pubis Upper border of pubic symphysis:  True or Anatomical conjugate Middle of pubic symphysis:  Obstetric conjugate (most important) Lower border of pubic symphysis: Diagonal conjugate	Maximum transverse diameter	Measured between the sacro-iliac (SI) joint and opposite ilio-pubic eminence
Pelvic cavity	Middle of S3 vertebra to the middle of the back of pubic symphysis	Widest distance across the lateral bony wall of the pelvic cavity	From the lower end of sacroiliac joint to the center of the opposite obturator membrane
Pelvic outlet	Antero-posterior diameters: From the lower border of symphysis pubis to – Anatomical: tip of coccyx Obstetric: tip of sacrum	Transverse diameters: diameter: between 2 ischial tuberosities	From the junction of the ischiopubic ramus to the middle of the opposite sacrotuberous ligament

 

Diameter of female pelvis

	Antero-posterior diameter	Transverse diameter:	Oblique diameter:
Pelvic inlet	11 cm	13	12
Pelvic cavity	12	12	12
Pelvic outlet	13	11	12

Diameter of different conjugate of  female   :

·         True or Anatomical conjugate: 11 cm

·         Obstetric conjugate (most important): 0.5 cm shorter than the true conjugate

·         Diagonal conjugate: 11.5 cm

Shape of pelvis

1.      Gynecoid (50%) – normal female pelvis

2.      Anthropoid (25%) – direct occipito-posterior position is most common in anthropoid pelvis

3.      Android (20%) – male type (face to pubes delivery, persistent occipito-posterior position, deep transverse arrest/non-rotation, dystocia-dystrophica syndrome are most common in android pelvis)

4.      Platypelloid (5%)

Difference between male and female pelvis

 

Topic	Male	Female
Shape of pelvic inlet	Heart shape	Oval
shape of pelvic caviy	conical and long ( long section of a cone)	short and cylindrical ( short section of a cylinder)
sub pubic angle	less , 55-60 degree	More, about  90 degree
ischial spine	inverted	everted
sacrum	longer and narrower	shorter and wider
Obturator foramen	Larger and oval and abruptly curve	Smaller and triangular, gradually curved