Anatomy o f Lymph node: lecture note

Anatomy o f Lymph node: lecture note

 

Lymph nodes are small encapsulated organs located along the pathway of lymphatic vessels   

Diameter: 1mm to 2 cm

Two types of lymphatic vessels are connected with lymph node: they are - the afferent and efferent lymph vessels

Afferent lymph vessels: convey lymph toward the L. node and penetrate the capsule at multiple sites

Efferent lymph vessels: convey lymph away from the lymph node and leave at the hilum. It is one in number.

Functions of lymph node:

1. Filter the lymph 2.Produce lymphocytes 3. Initiation of immune responses 4.phagocytosis

3. Histological features of Lymph node:

1. capsule is present
2. sub-capsular sinus is present
3. Outer cortex contains lymphatic nodules. Superficial part of cortex contain B lymphocytes and deeper zone of cortex contain T lymphocyte
4. inner medulla  contain medullary cord which composed of B lymphocyte and plasma cells  

5. What is lymph?

Ans: Tissue fluid, when enters into the lymphatic system is known as lymph

Lymph contains macromolecules of proteins and large particles – dust, carbon, bacteria, cancer cells etc. 

What is trabeculea? Ans: they are the part of capsule which enter in to the organ

What do you mean by sinuses of lymph node? Ans: these are empty spaces within a lymph node where lymph flows.

6. Lymph circulation: lymph enters into lymph capillaries then through afferent lymphatic vessels enters into subscapsular sinus of lymph nodes then trabecular sinuses of lymph node then medullary sinuses of lymph node then through efferent lymph vessel the lymph leave the lymph node and drain into the venous system

7. Cells present within the lymph nodes: T & B lymphocyte, dendritic cells, macrophages

 8. What is lymphatic nodule?

Ans: small collection of lymphocytes found in mucosa of different organs like ileum, appendix, bronchus etc.

Types of lymphatic nodule: primary and secondary lymphatic nodules

When a germinal center appears in a lymphatic nodule the lymphatic nodule known as secondary L nodule

9. What is germinal center: it is the site of lymphocyte production mainly B lymphocyte. It is a pale

Staining area situated within a lymphatic nodule contain immature lymphoblast. It is found in secondary lymphatic nodule.

 

Thymic or Hassall’s corpuscles

Thymic or Hassall’s corpuscles

•          Are distinguishing feature of thymic medulla. It is formed by epithelioreticular cells

•          The epithelioreticular cells are concentrically arranged and cytoplasm of the cells contain keratohyalin granules, lipid droplet and intermediate filaments

 

Blood thymic barrier

 

Blood thymic barrier

• Lining endothelium of the capillary  wall
•  Basal lamina of endothelial cells
•  Macrophages in the surrounding  perivascular connective tissue
•  Basal lamina of epithelioreticular    cells
•  Epithelioreticular cells

Important of blood thymic barrier: Prevent entering of antigen into the thymic cortex

Superficial fascia of the abdomen: lecture note

Superficial fascia of the abdomen

It is lies between dermis and muscles of abdomen

Parts :

It is usually two layers

1. superficial fatty layer (camper fascia )

2.deep membranous layer (scarpa fascia )

But in children three well developed layers can be observed

1. superficial fatty layer

2.middle membranous layer

3. deep fatty layer

Contents :

1. blood vessels

2. lymphatics

3. nerves

4. in the groin superficial inguinal lymph node

Fatty camper fascia:

It contain variable amount of fat that partitioned by fibrous septum extending from the dermis with deep membranous layer .

It is continuous with the

Superficial fascia of the thigh

Over the linea alba

Penis as superficial fascia of penis

Scrotum as dartos muscle

Membranous layer (scarpa fascia )

Superiorly it is continuous with superficial fascia of the rest of the trunk and over the inguinal ligament

 

In the midline it is adhere to the linea alba and pubic symphysis

It is fused with iliac crest and fascia lata of thigh

In penis , It is continuous as superficial fascia of penis

In scrotum it is continuous as dartos muscle

In perineum it is continuous as colles’ fascia

 

Deep adipose layer

Thickness of this layer is more variable than the superficial fatty

It is thin or absent where membranous layer fused with bony prominence (iliac crest, pubis symphysis, linea alba,

It is thick in morbidly obese person

Its adipocytes show different metabolic activities to those in the superficial fatty layer

Liposuction remove fat from this layer

Superficial fatty layer donot remove to avoid skin dimpling and other skin contour irregularities

 

 

 

Tibia viva voice questions and answer

Tibia viva voice questions and answers

1. Anatomical points 

a) . Anatomical Points.

it is the right/left tibia. It is the

medial bone of leg.

1) (For above and below): Upper end

is expanded and it bears two artic-

ular surlaces

2) (For medial and lateral): Medial

malleolus lies medially

3) (For anterior and posterior): Tibi-

al tuberosity lies anteriorly

2.parts of tibia

Ans expanded  upper end , shaft and lower end with medial malleolus 

3

How many boeders and surfaces are present in shaft of tibia

Ans

3.BORDERS

1.Anterior border

2. ImterOsseous border

3. Medial border.

3 SURFACES

1. Medial surlace.

2. Lateral surface.

3.posterior border

4. Mention the attachment of intercondylar area

Ans:

Anterior intercondylar area

From before backwards

1. Anterior horn of medíal menis

CLUS

2. Lower end of anterior crucíate Hig

ament

3. Anterior horn of lateral menis

cus.

B. Posterior Intercondylar Area.

From before backwards-

1) Posterior horn of lateral meniscus

2) Posterior horn of medial meniscus

3) Lower end of posterior cruciate

ligament

5. Tell the anterior relation of the low

er end of the tibia.

Ans. From medial to lateral

1) Tendon of tibialis anterior

2 Tendon of extensor hallucis longus

3. Anterior tibial vessels 

4. Deep peroneal nerve 

5.tendon of extensor digitorum longus 

6. Peroneus tertius 

Scapula : viva voice question and answer

 Scapula : viva voice question and answer 

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1. anatomical points of scapula 

Ans : 

a) glenoid cavity is directed upwards , forward and laterally 

b) spinal process lies posteriorly 

c) thickest lateral border lies laterally 

d) coracoid process directed anteriorly 

2. what is the other name of scapula 

ans : shoulder blade 

3. what type of bone is scapula 

ans: it is a flat triangular bone situated on the posterolateral aspect of the chest wall 

4. how many ribs are related with this bone 

ans : 2nd to 7th ribs 

5. external gross features of scapula 

ans : it has head , neck , body 

body contain two surfaces: dorsal and costal 

three border : superior , medial and lateral

three angle : superior inferior and lateral

three processes : coracoid, acromion and spinal processes