Modification of deep fascia

Deep fascia

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Definition: Deep fascia is a fascia, a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that wraps the neck, the limbs and body wall like a bandage or stocking 

It covers muscles, nerves, bone and blood vessel.

Important features of deep fascia:

·         It is devoid of fat

·         It is inelastic and tough

·         It has nerve supply and very sensitive structure.

·         It is a golden rule that when fascia approaches bone it becomes attached to it , blending with the covering periosteum 

Modification of deep fascia:

1.      Each muscle is covered by deep fascia known as epimysium which sends in the septa to enclose each muscle fasciculus known as perimysium. From the perimysium septa pass to enclose each Muscle fiber. These fine septa are the endomysium. This connective tissue layer support the muscle and convey nerve , blood vessels and lymphatics.

2.      Deep fascia covers each nerve as epineurium, each nerve fascicle as perineurium and individual nerve fibered as endoneurium. These connective tissue coverings support the nerve fibers and carry capillaries and lymphatics.

3.      From deep fascia , the intermuscular septa is arises which  separating functionally different group of muscles into separate compartments.

4.      It also forms septa between various muscles. These septa are specially well developed in the calf muscles of lower limb. The contraction of calf muscles in the tight sleeve of deep fascia helps in pushing the venous blood and lymph towards the ‘heart. Thus the deep fascia helps in venous and lymphatic return from the lower limb.

5.      The deep fascia is dense around the artery and rather loose around the vein to give an allowance for the vein to distend.
deep fascia forms sheaths around large arteries, e.g. carotid sheath, axillary sheath

6.      Deep fascia is modified to form the capsule, synovial membrane and bursae in relation to the joints.

7.      Deep fascis forms tendon sheaths wherever tendons cross over a joint. This mechanism prevents wear and tear of the tendon.

8.       In the region of palm and sole it is modified  to form aponeuroses. in the forearm and leg, the deep fascia is modified to form the interosseous membrane, which keeps:

• The two bones at optimum distance.
• Increases surface area for attachment of muscles.
• Transmits weight from one bone to other