nucleus ambiguus

The nucleus ambiguus runs in a rostral to caudal direction in the medulla and is located in the ventrolateral reticular formation, posterior to the inferior olivary nuclear complex and anteromedial to the spinal trigeminal nucleus 
 
The rostral portion of the nucleus ambiguus gives rise to special visceral efferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which innervate the stylopharyngeus muscle.
This muscle originates from the styloid process and descends between the internal and external carotid arteries to the upper wall of the pharynx.
Contraction of the stylopharyngeus muscle aids in raising the larynx and elevating and expanding the pharynx during swallowing.
 The nucleus ambiguus is also the source of special visceral efferent fibers of cranial nerves X and XI, which together with cranial nerve IX innervate the muscles of the pharynx and larynx.

The gastrosplenic ligament

 

The gastrosplenic ligament (also known as the ligamentum gastrosplenicum or gastrolienal ligament) is part of the greater omentum.

The gastrosplenic ligament is made of visceral peritoneum^.  It connects the greater curvature of stomach with the hilum of the spleen.

It contains the short gastric arteries, short gastric veins, the left gastroepiploic artery, and the left gastroepiploic vein

Development

Embryonically, the gastrosplenic ligament is derived from the dorsal mesogastrium

During portal  or splenic vein thrombosis, the collateral circulation establishes at various sites, the gastrosplenic ligament is one of those sites. 

Medial umbilical ligament

Medial umbilical ligament 

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They are bilateral raised ridges of parietal peritoneum in the deep aspect of the anterior abdominal wall overlying the inferior epigastric artery. 

The paired folds originate medial to the deep inguinal ring and end at the arcuate line on the posterior aspect of the anterior abdominal wall. The medial fossae  lie between the medial and lateral umbilical folds. The lateral fossae  lie laterally to the lateral umbilical folds.

The folds are 2 of the 5 umbilical folds. 

Significance

Because the lateral umbilical folds overly the inferior epigastric vessels, they are used as an important reference point for inguinal hernia  classification. Direct hernia  occur medial to the lateral umbilical folds whereas indirect hernias occur laterally.

Lateral umbilical ligament

Lateral umbilical ligaments/folds are bilateral raised ridges of parietal  peritoneum in the deep aspect of the anterior abdominal wall overlying the inferior epigastric vessels. The paired folds originate medial to the deep inguinal ring  and end at the arcuate line on the posterior aspect of the anterior abdominal wall.

 The medial fossae  lie between the medial and lateral umbilical folds. The lateral fossae lie laterally to the lateral umbilical folds.

The folds are 2 of the 5 umbilical folds.

Significance

Because the lateral umbilical folds overly the inferior epigastric vessels, they are used as an important reference point for inguinal hernia classification. Direct hernias occur medial to the lateral umbilical folds whereas indirect hernias occur laterally.

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Median umbilical ligament

The median umbilical ligament is a fibrous band located in the anterior portion of the abdomen, anterior to the urinary bladder. 

It contains the urachus, which is an embryonic remnant resulting from involution of the allantoic duct that connects the fetal urinary bladder to the umbilicus.

The median umbilical ligament is an unpaired ligamentous structure in human anatomy . It is covered by the median umbilical fold.

It extends from the apex of the urinary bladder to the umbilicus, on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall.

Lateral to this structure are the medial umbilical ligament and lateral umbilical ligament.

The median umbilical ligament may be used as a landmark for surgeons who are performing laparoscopy, such as laparoscopic inguinal hernia  repair.