histology of the endometrium
Layers: The endometrium consists of two main layers: the stratum functional layer (shed during menstruation) and the stratum basal layer (regenerates the functional layer).
Epithelium: It is lined by a simple columnar epithelium with both ciliated and secretory cells or peg cell also known as clear cell .
Glands: The functional layer contains simple tubular glands, which undergo changes and become coiled at later part of the menstrual cycle.
Stroma: The stroma is composed of loose connective tissue (lamina propria ) with fibroblast-like cells, blood vessels, and immune cells.
Blood Supply: Spiral arteries supply the functional layer, and straight arteries or basal artery supply the basal layer.
Menstrual Phase: During menstruation, the functional layer is shed, and only the stratum basal layer remains.
Proliferative Phase: The endometrium thickens, and the glands become straight and elongated under estrogen influence.
Secretory Phase: After ovulation, progesterone causes glands to become coiled contain secretion within it and secrete nutrients, preparing for potential implantation.
Decidual Reaction: If pregnancy occurs, the stromal cells become enlarged contain glycogen and form the decidua to support the embryo.
Pathology: Conditions like endometriosis and hyperplasia are associated with abnormal growth and structure of the endometrium
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