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Development of urethra

The development of male and female urethra is different .

The female urethra is short and its development is very simple but male urethra is long and its development is complicated

The development of male urethra is intimately related to the development of external genital organs

The epithelium of entire female urethra and most of the male urethra is derived from urogenital sinus

Uregenital sinus is developed from cloaca

What is cloaca ?

Cloaca : part of hindgut (derived from endoderm) caudal to attachment of allantois, which is common chamber for hindgut & urinary system

It is divided into two parts ventral and dorsal by urorectal septum
ventral part is called primitive urogenital sinus
dorsal part is called primitive rectum

What are the parts of primitive urogenital sinus ? 

Vesico-urethral canal and definitive urogenital sinus 

From above down ward different parts of primitive urogenital sinus 

1.      Upper part of vesico-urethral canal

2.      Lower part of vesico-urethral canal

3.      Pelvic part of definitive urogenital sinus

4.      Phallic part of definitive urogenital sinus 

Development of female urethra 

Parts of primitive urogenital sinus	Female urethra
1.      Lower part of vesico-urethral canal	Most of the part of female urethra (upper part)
2.      Pelvic part of definitive urogenital sinus	Small part of female urethra (lower part)
3.      Phallic part of definitive urogenital sinus	Vestibule of female external genitalia into which the urethra is opened  (external opening )

SN: only the lining epithelium of the urethra is derived from endoderm of urogenital sinus

Connective tissue and smooth muscles of urethra are derived from surrounding splanchnopleuric layer of lateral plate mesoderm (intraembryonic mesoderm ) 

Development of male urethra

Parts of primitive urogenital sinus	Male  urethra
1.      Lower part of vesico-urethral canal	Prostatic part of urethra up to the level of opening of ejaculatory duct
2.      Pelvic part of definitive urogenital sinus	Prostatic part of urethra below the opening of ejaculatory duct and membranous part of urethra
3.      Phallic part of definitive urogenital sinus	Penile part of urethra
4.      Surface ectoderm	Terminal part (which occupies the glans penis )

SN: most of the lining epithelium of the male urethra is derived from endoderm of urogenital sinus but the epithelium of terminal part of male urethra is derived from surface ectoderm  

Connective tissue and smooth muscles of urethra are derived from surrounding splanchnopleuric layer of lateral plate mesoderm (intraembryonic mesoderm ) 

Difference between male and female development of urethra

Parts of primitive urogenital sinus	Male  urethra	Female urethra
1.      Lower part of vesico-urethral canal	Prostatic part of urethra up to the level of opening of ejaculatory duct	Most of the part of female urethra (upper part)
2.      Pelvic part of definitive urogenital sinus	Prostatic part of urethra below the opening of ejaculatory duct and membranous part of urethra	Small part of female urethra (lower part)
3.      Phallic part of definitive urogenital sinus	Penile part of urethra	Vestibule of female external genitalia into which the urethra is opened  (external opening )
4.      Surface ectoderm	Terminal part (which occupies the glans penis )	×

Brain and eyeball SAQs : 1st professional MBBS examination

SAQ (Brain & Eye ball)

                CEREBRUM

Draw and label ”Circles of Willis” and show its branches. What do you mean by “Artery of cerebral hemorrhage”

Give the arterial supply of cerebral hemisphere. What do you mean by i) central branches ii) cortical branches. Give their anatomical difference.

What do you mean by i) Functional end arteries ii) Artery of cerebral hemorrhage iii) macular sparing.

Mention the functional areas of the cerebral cortex and give their Broadman’s 

1. number. What is Broca’s area.

Short notes on i) Dominent and nondominenent cerebral hemisphere ii) 

Wernickes speech area

Give the function of following area- Primary motor area, Primary sensory area, broca’s area and Frontal Eye field

                 

                CSF

Trace the path way of circulation of CSF from its site of formation up to

       its  drainage into the venous blood. What is Hydrocephalus

ORBIT

 Give the boundary and content of the orbit.

            

            PITUITARY GLAND

What do you know about i) Hypothalamo-hypophsial tract. Ii)hypothalamo-

 hypophysial portal system

                

                 Eye Ball

Name the different layers of Retina. Give its blood supply.                     

                  Trace the visual pathway. What is Argyll-Robertsons pupil? Homonymous

                   hemianopia

            Name the refractive media of the eyeball. How optic nerve is formed.

            Name the intraocular muscle with their nerve supply.

            Trace the pathway of corneal reflex.

           What is accommodation. What are the changes of accommodation? Trace the

            pathway of accommodation

                 

                SPINAL CORD

Draw and label transverse section of spinal cord at the mid-thoracic level.Give the blood supply of spinal cord.

How a spinal nerve is formed and what are the functional component of a spinal nerve.

                  Name the ascending & descending tracts of spinal cord.

                  Name the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tract.

                  Draw and label transverse section of a spinal cord showing different

                  ascending  and descending tract.

                 Trace out the pathway of Corticospinal tract.

                 Trace out the pathway of anterior spino-thalamic tract

CEREBELLUM

Give the anatomical parts, Function, blood supply of cerebellum. What is medullary syndrome

Give the histological structure, deep nuclei and effects of cerebellar lesion.

List the tract passing through the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncle

BASAL GANGLIA INTERNAL CAPSULE AND LIMBIC SYSTEM

                  Name the different parts of internal capsule. Mention the tracts passing

                   through it. Give its blood supply.                                                                            

                 Write the components of Limbic system. Mention its function.

                 What do you mean by upper motor and lower motor neuron. Give the features 

                   of upper and lower motor neuron lesion.                                                                           

Enumerate the different nuclei of basal ganglia. Give their different connection with other parts of the brain.

MID BRAIN AND PONS

Draw and label of a section of midbrain at the level of superior colliculus.

Draw and label of a section of midbrain at the level of inferior colliculus

Draw and label the transverse section of Pons at the level of facial colliculus.

Define and classify neuroglia. Give their location and function.

Define and classify neuron with example.Give the difference between a) Axon & Dentrite b) Neucleus & Ganglia c) UMNL & LMNL d) Grey & White matter

THALAMU & HYPOTHALAMUS

Draw and label the nucleus of hypothalamus

Give the nucleus and function of hypothalamus. How hypothalamus connected with pituitary gland

Important SAQs of head and neck for 1st professional MBBS examination

Head & Neck (SAQ)

1.      Give the boundary and contents of middle cranial cavity

2.      Give the boundary and content of orbital cavity

3.      Mention type and peculiarities of temporomandibular joint

4.      Name the muscles of mastication and give their attachment and nerve supply

5.      What is scalp? Draw and label the different layers of scalp. Which layers is dangerous and why?

6.      Mention the arrangement, distribution and attachment of investing layers of deep cervical fascia.

7.      Trace the pathway of tear. what do you mean by epiphorea and lacrimation.

8.      Give origin insertion, nerve supply and action of sternocledomastoid and trapezeus.

9.      Give the boundary and content of posterior/sub occipital triangle.

10.  What are the relation and content of cavernous sinus.Give the morphology and blood supply of thyroid gland.

11.  Give the formation and content of carotid sheath.

12.  Give the content of vertebral canal

13.  Name the extrinsic and intrinsic muscle of the eye with their innervation.

14.  Give the branches of Common carotid/ Internal carotid/ external carotid/ Subclavian artery.

15.  Name the muscles attached to the styloid process of temporal bone with their nerve supply.

16.  what do you mean by i) Spina bifida ii) Ananchepaly iii) Hydrochephalous.

17.  Short notes on i) Vertebral artery ii) 1^st cervical artery iii) Cavernous sinus v) Little’s area.

18.  Give the extension and draw and label the internal feature of larynx with its nerve supply

19.  Give the formation nerve supply and blood supply of nasal septum.

20.  Give the nerve supply of the tongue according to its developmental background

21.  How the waldeyer’s ring is formed. give the boundary of pyriform fossa with its clinical importance.

22.  Give the boundary and content of middle ear cavity

23.  What are the parts of internal ear? Give the morphological feature of tympanic membrane.

24.  Draw and label the structure of organ of corti.

Scalp

1. Name the different layers of scalp. Mention its nerve supply and blood supply
2. Define scalp. Which layer of the scalp is more important clinically and why ?
3. Why arrest of bleeding is delayed in scalp injury .

Muscle

Give the origin insersion and nerve supply of the lateral pterygoid

Give the origin insersion and nerve supply of the muscles of mastication

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Blood supply

Describe the venous drainage of face with clinical importance

Nerve

1. Enumerate the nuclei and functional component of facial nerve . what is Bell’s palsy 
2. Write down the nerve supply of the face on the developmental background

Lacrimal apparatus

1. Write about location and nerve supply of lacrimal glands .trace the pathway of tears 
2. Give the secretomotor innervation of lacrimal gland
3. SN: lacrimal apparatus . clinical importance

Orbit

1. Give location, relation, connection and structure supply by ciliary ganglion
2. Give the boundaries and content of orbits
3. Give the nerve supply and action of the extraocular muscle. Give the effects  of occulomotor nerve paralysis on these muscles

Parotid region

 Name the structures embedded in parotid gland. Give the nerve supply and location of parotid gland

Parotid duct

Anterior triangle of the neck

1. Write the histology development and blood supply of thyroid gland. Mention the congenital anomalies of  the thyroid gland
2. Write the steps of the dissection of the anterior triangle
3. Mention the branches from different parts of subclavian artery
4. Write the subdivision of anterior triangle of the neck
5. Why thyroid swelling moves with deglutition
6. Carotid triangle

Posterior triangle:

1. Give the arrangement and attachment of investing layer of deep cervical fascia . give the formation  and contents of the carotid sheath
2. Write the steps of dissection of posterior triangle
3. Give the boundaries and contents of posterior triangles of neck
4. Name the different layer of deep cervical fascia and give attachment and distribution of later of deep cervical fascia
5. SN: external jugular vein

Suboccipital triangle

Write the boundaries and content of suboccipital triangle

Give the steps of dissection of suboccipital triangles

Mouth:

1. Mention the muscles of soft palate with their nerve supply & action. Explain embryologically formation of cleft palate. 4+3(jan- 05)
2. What do you mean by waldeyers  ring? Give the location & histological structure of palatine tonsil. Blood supply & development of palatine tonsil.
3. S/N – Cleft palate. 1.5
4. How soft palate is formal? What is its role of swallowing.
5. S/N- Soft palate with its clinical importance.
6. Give the development & congenital malformation of permanent palate.

Tongue:

1. Give the development of the tongue. Explain its nerve supply on the basis of its development .
2. Mention lymphatic drainage of tongue. Explain tongue tie. 3+1
3. Name the muscles of the tongue. Give the motor & sensory supply of tongue.

Pharynx:

1. Give the different parts of pharynx with their extension.
2. Write a note on nasopharynx.

Nose & Para nasal sinuses:

1. Give the formation of nasal septum. Give its lining epithelium, blood supply & nerve supply.
2. What is the clinical importance of Little’s area.
3. Give the different part of vasal cavity.
4. Name the structures opening into the lateral wall of vassal caviry. Give the arterial vassal wall.
5. What is mucoperiosteum?
6. Name the paranasal air sinuses & mention their sides of drainage. How the maxillary hiatus closed.
7. Give the anatomical features of maxillary air sinus. How ‘maxillary hiatus’is reduced in articulated skull?

Larynx:

1. Mention extension & interior of larynx . Give its nerve supply.
2. Enumerate the ‘functional component’s of vagus nerve.
3. Mention the lining epithelium & nerve supply of larynx.
4. Name the cartilages of larynx. Give the boundary & clinical importance of piriform recess.
5. What are the effects of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis.

Vertebral column & deep dissection of the back:

1. S/N- i) Vertebral artery.  

              ii) Peripheral parasympathetic ganglia.

2. Write about the vertebral artery e its clinical importance
3. How spinal nerve is formal? Discuss a typical spinal nerve.
4. S/N- i) Origin, insertion, nerve supply & action of Trapezium.

               ii) External jugular vein.

5. Give the structure & development of intervertebral dise. Mention its clinical im

Joint of the head & neck:

1. Mention the type of joints & their movements between 1^st & 2^nd cervical vertebrae. How hanging causes immediate death?
2. Describe temporomendibular joint. Why it is called atypical synovial joint?
3. Mention the different atlatoaxial joints & their movements. What might be the effect due to rupture of transverse cervical ligment.
4. What is frontanalle? Mention the location & time of fusion of different frontanalle.
5. Write down the contents of vertebral canal. Give Clinical importance of intervertebral  venous plexus.

Organ of hearing & equilibrium:

1. Give the components of membranous labyrinth. Give the structure of organ of corti. Crista ampullarius & muculae.
2. Give the boundaries & contents of middle ear cavity.
3. Give the parts of internal ear. Write down about organ of corti.
4. Describe briefly the tympanic membrane.

Pituitary gland:

1. Give the development & histological structure of pituitary gland.
2. Describe the blood supply of hypophysis cerebri.

Embryology related to head & neck:

1. Give the derivatives of different pharyngeal pouches.
2. Give the derivatives of 1^st & 2^nd pharyngeal arches. What is pharyngeal apparatus.
3. What do you mean by branchial arch, pharyngeal pouches & pharyngeal cleft.
4. Give the derivaties of neural crest.