Bones of superior extremity :an easy and useful handout on Radius

An easy and useful handout on radius 

Radius

1. Write anatomical points of radius.

Round head lies superiorly

Dorsal tubercle lies posteriorly at the lower part of radius

Sharp interosseous border lies medially 

2. Upper end :

                                I.                              Head of radius is covered by ………………cartilage which is articulate with ……………of humerus and take part in formation of ……………. Joint

                             II.        Neck: it is surrounded by …………………………ligament. ……………………..muscle is inserted in lateral, anterior and posterior surfaces of  neck.

                           III.                  Tuberosity : it has two part. Posterior rough part receive insertion of the …………………………………..muscle and anterior smooth part is related to a ……………………

3. Shaft :

                                                       I.      It has three borders.

Border	Name of attached structure	Attachment area
Interosseous border	Interosseous membrane	Lower ¾ part of interosseous border
Anterior	Flexor digitorum superficialis	Arises from upper and middle parts of the anterior border
	Extensor retinaculum	Arises from lower part of anterior border
Posterior	-----	----

                                                    II.      it has three surfaces

Surfaces	Name of attached structure	Attachment area
Anterior surface	Flexor pollicis longus	Arises from upper 2/3 part of  anterior surface
	Pronator quadratus	Inserted into lower ¼ part of anterior surface
Posterior surface	Abductor pollicis longus	Arises from the upper part of posterior surface
	Extensor pollicis brevis	Arises from the part of posterior surface just below the abductor pollicis longus
Lateral surface	Supinator	Inserted into upper part of lateral surface Also ant & pos surface of neck
	Pronator teres	Inserted into middle part of lateral surface

4. Lower end : it has five surfaces

Surfaces	Attached area	Attachment
Lateral surface	Styloid process	Radial ligament of wrist joint
	Area above the styloid process	Insertion of brachioradialis
	Two groove lateral to styloid process	Tendons of Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis are related
Medial surface	Bear an ulnar notch	Articulate with head of ulna and forms  inferior radio-ulnar joint
	Lower part of ulnar notch	Articulate with articular disc of inferior radio-ulnar joint
Inferior surface	Medial quadrangular part	Articulate with lunate
	Lateral triangular part	Articulate with scaphoid
posterior surface	Dorsal tubercle	Attachment  of extensor retinaculum
	A groove medial to the dorsal tubercle	Lodges tendon of extensor pollicis longus
	A groove lateral to the dorsal tubercle	Lodges tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis
Anterior surface	--	--

features of epithelial tissue

Features of epithelial tissue 

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1. avascular ( contain no blood vessels, get nutrition by diffusion)
2. has nervous  innervation 
3. each epithelial cell has one apical surface, two lateral surfaces and one basal surface 
4. basal surface of it rest on a basement membrane (a layer form by collagen fibril, and protein, carbohydrate combination) 
5. if basement membrane is intact the epithelial cells grown normally
6. cells of epithelial tissue tightly bind with each other by junctional complex
7. apical surface of epithelial cells modify and formed microvilli, cilia, stereocilia etc.
8. there are many functions of epithelium : absorption, secretion, diffusion etc 

human anatomy in bangladesh

Human anatomy is one of most important topics for medical science.
As per undergraduate MBBS New curriculum 2012  in Bangladesh
In phase 1 student have complete three subject Anatomy, physiology, biochemistry.
Community medicine is omitted from 1st phase.
Medical students must complete anatomy within 18 months(including professional examination and result of it)
In new curriculum, study hours decreases from 666 hrs to 560 hrs.
study hours also decrease in other two subjects.
Most of the Bangladeshi student learn in mother language so, the first vary days of  medical students face many difficulty to understand medical terminology.
They take time to accustom to this situation. Facing dead body viscera
Also face difficulty to study this subject after teaching
. some of the medical student leave the medical science due this subject.
but it is an interesting subject though it is vast.
This blog try to help frustrated student to love this subject.
Detail information of any topic willfully avoided ,only understanding portion of any topics are discussed
This blog tries to make thing palatable.
Student should read books, see figure both real and also diagrams and discuss the difficult topics.
This is the way to learn Anatomy.
We want constructive criticism from students and suggestion.