Thorax:
1. Mention the formation of thoracic cage ?
Ans: Anteriorly, sternum , laterally ribs with costal cartilage(hyaline cartilage) and posteriorly throcic vertebra with intervertebral disc2. What is thoracic inlet and outlet?
Ans: upper aperture of thoracic cage and lower aperture of thoracic cage
3. which structures close the thoracic inlet and outlet?
Ans: The suprapleural membrane covers the thoracic inlet and the diaphragm covers the thoracic outlet.
4. what is mediastinum?
Ans: the space between two lungs is known as mediastinum
5. mention the name of important nerve of thoracic region ?
Ans: Phrenic nerve , intercostal nerve, vagus nerves, recurrent lar;yngeal nerve (branches of vagus nerve)
6. What do you mean by intercostal nerves?
Ans: They are ventral rami of upper eleven thoracic spinal nerves
7. What is the name of ventral ramus of 12th thoracic spinal nerve?
Ans: Subcostal nerve
8. Posterior relation of manubrium sternae?
Ans: lower half arch of aorta and upper half branches of arch of aorta( brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and left subclavian artery) and left brachiocephalic vein
9. how sternocostal surface of heart is formed?
Ans : this surface is formed by four chamber of heart
- 2/3 right ventricle
- 1/3 left ventricle
- right atrium and auricle
- left auricle of left atrium
Ans: 1/3 of right ventricle and 2/3 of left ventricles
11. How base of heart is formed ?
Ans : By two atria, 2/3 by left atrium (because most of the part of left atrium is situated posteriorly )
and 1/3 of right atria (most of the part right atria is situated anteriorly)
Q: mention the anatomical point of heart
Ans : this is the viscera of heart with root of the great vessels with pericardium (if present )
a) apex is directed downward, forward and to the left
b) base is directed backward and to the right
c) sternocostal surface of heart is directed anteriorly and the diaphragmatic surface of heart is directed inferiorly
Q:
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