Spinal
Cord & Nerves
This is the
viscera of spinal cord and spinal meninges
1.
Anatomical
points:
I.
anteriror median fissure lies anteriorly
II.
cauda equine
lies inferiorly
2.
length : 45cm
wide 2.5 cm
3.
Extension of spinal cord:
Adult: at the level of foramen magnum to
lower border of 1st lumbar vertebra
Children: at the level of the foramen magnum
to the 3rd lumber vertebra
4.
Terminal part
of sub-arachnoid space of the spinal cord : lower border of 2nd
sacral vertebra
5.
termination
of filum terminalis: at the 1st coccyx
External
feature of spinal cord :
i)
anteriorly :
anterior median fissure
ii)
posteriorly :
posterior median septum
iii)
inferiorly :
filum terminalis and cauda equine
iv)
two
enlargement in cervical and lumbar region
v)
external
surface is covered by spinal meninges : outer meningeal dura mater, middle
arachnoid mater and inner pia mater
vi)
ventral
roots, dorsal roots and dorsal root ganglia and spinal nerve
6.
How many
enlargement present within the spinal cord and why?
i)
Cervical
enlargement: extend from the foramen magnum to 1st thoracic vertebra.
Supply upper limb
ii)
Lumbar
enlargement: extend from thoracic 10th to 12th vertebra.
Supply lower limb.
7.
What is
spinal segment?
Ans: Part of the spinal cord to which one
pairs of spinal nerve is attached.
8.
How many
spinal segments present in the spinal cord? – 31 spinal segments
9.
What is conus
medullaris? – cone shaped terminal part of spinal cord
2.
What is cauda
equine: the lumbar and sacral roots below the termination of spinal cord
continue as a leash of nerve roots known as cauda equine.
3.
What is
legamentum denticulate: it is the thickening of pia mater situated on either
side of spinal cord between nerve roots. (Figure ellis 364)
Spinal
nerve
How many Spinal
nerves present in our body? Number: 31 pairs. 8 cervical spinal nerve, 12
thoracic spinal nerve, 5 lumbar spinal nerve, 5 sacral spinal nerve and 1
coccygeal spinal nerve
How a spinal nerve
is formed? : Spinal nerve form by union
of ventral and dorsal nerve roots
Location of spinal
nerve: within the intervertebral foramen
Exit : C1-C7 spinal nerves exit ABOVE C1-C7 vertebrae
C8 spinal nerve projects below C7 vertebra
T1-S5 spinal nerves project BELOW T1-S5
vertebrae
Branches of a Spinal Nerve:
1. dorsal ramus
– supply deep muscles and skin of back
2. ventral ramus
– supply upper and lower extremities, ventrolateral trunk
3. meningeal branch
- back into the spinal column
4. rami communicantes
- for autonomic nerve fibers
Type of spinal nerves: they are mixed nerve (both
sensory and motor ).
Component: GSA
(general somatic afferent –carry impulse from periphery to CNS) and GSE(
general somatic efferent- impulse goes from CNS to skeletal muscle)
Plexus of spinal nerve:
plexus of spinal nerve is formed by ventral rami of different spinal nerves.
There are four spinal nerve plexus present within the body.
Name of plexus
|
Formation
|
Supplied area
|
Important nerve
of the plexus
|
1. cervical plexus
|
ventral rami of C1-C4 with
some C5
|
a. muscles/skin of head, neck, some shoulder
b. phrenic nerve - diaphragm muscle (breathing)
|
phrenic nerve -
|
2. brachial plexus
|
ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1
|
Upper limb and shoulder
|
Axillary N, musculocutanous
N,
Radial N, median N, Ulnar N
|
3. lumbar plexus
|
- ventral rami of L1-L4
|
a. abdominal wall, genitals, part of lower limb
|
Femoral N, Obturator N
|
4. sacral plexus
|
ventral rami of L4-L5 and
S1-S4
|
a. buttocks, perineum, part of lower limb
b. sciatic nerve
|
Sacral n- largest nerve of body,
pudendal n, Sup
and inf
Gluteal n
|
Dermatomes: area of skin is
supplied by single spinal nerve
Internal
feature of spinal cord:
Inner grey matter
contains a central canal. Parts of grey matter, ant horn and pos horn and
lateral horn only in thoracic and lumbar region
Grey matter
contain motor and internuncial neuron
Parts of outer white
matter: 1. anterior (ventral) column
2. posterior (dorsal)
column
3. lateral
(intermediate) column
white matter
contain ascending and descending tracts:
fasciculi/tracts –they are collection
axon bundles within the CNS. They are two types: a. ascending tracts – carry sensory impulse
to the brain. Spinothalamic tract
b. descending tracts – carry motor
impulse from brain to the effector organ (skeletal muscle). corticospinal tract
Important tract
within the spinal cord :
ASCENDING TRACTS
(SENSORY)
|
|
anterior
(ventral) spinothalamic
|
touch and
pressure to thalamus
|
lateral
spinothalamic tract
|
pain &
temperature to thalamus
|
fasciculus
gracilis
|
touch, 2-pt.
discrimination,
|
fasciculus
cuneatus
|
conscious
proprioception, vibration
|
posterior
spinocerebellar
anterior
spinocerebellar
|
subconscious
proprioception
|
DESCENDING
TRACTS (MOTOR)
|
|
lateral
corticospinal
anterior
corticospinal tract
|
Carry motor
output from cortex to motor neuron of ant. Grey horn which stimulate
the skeletal muscles
|
Blood supply: one ant and two posterior spinal arteries. Other
branches: ascending cervical a, pos intercostals a, and the lumbar a
Vein: ant and pos
spinal vein.
Development : caudal part of neural tube (neuroectodarm)
No comments:
Post a Comment