Receptor and receptor cells are specialized part of sensory neuron or sensory cells in nervous system that detect specific types of stimuli (such as light, sound, temperature, or pressure) from the environment & convert these signals into electrical impulses. These impulses are then transmitted to brain via sensory neurons, where they are processed and interpreted.
Here are the main types of receptor cells found in the nervous system:
1. Photoreceptors (carry special sensation : Vision)
- Function: Detect light and enable vision.
- Location: Found in the retina of the eye.
- Types:
- Rods: Responsible for vision in low light (night vision).
- Cones: Responsible for color vision and function best in bright light.
2. Mechanoreceptors (carry following general sensations: Touch, Pressure, and Vibration)
- Function: Detect mechanical changes like pressure, vibration, and touch.
- Location: Found in the skin, inner ear, and other tissues.
- Types:
- Merkel Discs: Detect light touch and texture.
- Meissner’s Corpuscles: Detect light touch and changes in texture.
- Pacinian Corpuscles: Detect deep pressure and vibration.
- Ruffini Endings: Detect skin stretch and joint movement.
3. Thermoreceptors (carry this general sensetion : Temperature)
- Function: Detect changes in temperature.
- Location: Found in the skin and hypothalamus.
- Types:
- Cold Receptors: Detect decreases in temperature.
- Warm Receptors: Detect increases in temperature.
4. Nociceptors (carry this general sensation when cell damage in happened like Pain)
- Function: Detect harmful stimuli that cause pain, such as tissue damage.
- Location: Found throughout the body, especially in the skin, joints, and organs.
- Types:
- Mechanical Nociceptors: Respond to physical damage or pressure.
- Thermal Nociceptors: Respond to extreme temperatures.
- Chemical Nociceptors: Respond to chemical irritants (e.g., acids, toxins).
5. Chemoreceptors (carry this type of special sensation Chemical Stimuli)
- Function: Detect chemical changes, such as odors, tastes, and the concentration of various chemicals.
- Location: Found in the nose (olfactory receptors), mouth (taste receptors), and blood vessels (monitoring oxygen and CO2 levels).
- Types:
- Olfactory Receptors: Detect odors (smell).
- Taste Receptors (Gustatory Receptors): Detect taste (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami).
- Carotid Body Receptors: Monitor blood oxygen levels.
6. Proprioceptors (carry this type of special sensation : Body Position and Movement)
- Function: Detect changes in the position, movement, and tension of muscles and joints, helping with coordination and balance.
- Location: Found in muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear.
- Types:
- Muscle Spindles: Detect changes in muscle length and help with stretch reflexes.
- Golgi Tendon Organs: Detect muscle tension.
- Joint Receptors: Detect joint movement and position.
7. Baroreceptors (carry this type of general sensation : Blood Pressure)
- Function: Detect changes in blood pressure by sensing the stretching of blood vessels.
- Location: Found in large arteries like the aorta and carotid arteries.
- Type: These receptors send signals to the brain to regulate blood pressure.
Summary of Key Receptor Types:
| Receptor Type | Stimulus Detected | Location | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Photoreceptors | Light (for vision) | Retina of the eye | Vision |
| Mechanoreceptors | Pressure, touch, vibration, stretch | Skin, ear, muscles, joints | Touch and body movement |
| Thermoreceptors | Temperature (heat and cold) | Skin, hypothalamus | Temperature regulation |
| Nociceptors | Pain (tissue damage) | Skin, organs, joints | Pain perception |
| Chemoreceptors | Chemicals (odors, tastes, blood gases) | Nose, mouth, blood vessels | Taste, smell, blood gas monitoring |
| Proprioceptors | Body position, muscle tension, joint movement | Muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear | Body movement and coordination |
| Baroreceptors | Blood pressure | Large arteries (aorta, carotid) | Blood pressure regulation |
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